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\title{Lyis: Food Forestry, 2025 Season}
\author{\small Nursery in Owen Sound by Andrii Zvorygin yDNA:N-PH2196 mtDNA:H2a1-a* \\
\includegraphics[width=1em]{hfoc/email-logo} lyis@liberit.ca \includegraphics[width=1em]{hfoc/www-logo} https://lyis.ca \includegraphics[width=1em]{hfoc/phone-logo} 226-537-0147 \\
\small \includegraphics[width=1em]{hfoc/x-logo} @aizvo \includegraphics[width=1em]{hfoc/etsy-logo-color} LyisForestry }
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``The vision of the New Eden is food forest communities where all of our needs can be met on site.'' -- Age of Peace.

Idéalement, si l'on veut faire pousser toute sa nourriture, son carburant et ses vêtements dans le Grey-Bruce, il faut au moins 1,2 hectare (3 acres) par personne. 
Idéalement, avoir assez de terrain pour une communauté complète avec une moyenne de 60 personnes.
Pour produire suffisamment de nourriture pour nourrir un humain de 75 kg pendant un an, il faut couvrir au moins une surface de 0,25 hectare avec une production de fruits, ce qui équivaudrait par exemple à 80 chênes matures ou à 400 buissons de noisette.
La vision de l'agroforesterie consiste à faire pousser des plantes en une série de cercles ou de rectangles concentriques basés sur la hauteur adulte des plantes. Par exemple, près du centre communautaire, vous avez une prairie, puis autour d'elle un jardin potager, puis des plantes herbacées vivaces (jusqu'à 2 mètres de haut), puis des baies, des fruits nains et des buissons de noisettes (2 à 5 mètres de haut), puis une courte rotation de bois de copeaux de saule et d'alier (environ 5 à 10 mètres de haut), puis des arbres fruitiers standard, des poires, des persimmons, des mûres (10 à 20 mètres de haut), puis une longue rotation de bois de sciage tels que l'ironswood, le hêtre et le bouleau (25 à 30 mètres de haut), puis les cultures de base telles que les noix, les noix et les noix de pécan (30 à 50 mètres de haut), puis pour tenir les prédateurs et les grands herbivores à distance, la forêt descend en hauteur en utilisant divers végétaux à épines mélangés aux cultures de base, tels que le chêne à miel épineux (25 mètres de haut), le noix de pécan coréen (20 mètres de haut), l'osage orange (15 mètres de haut), le mûrier noir/châtaignier (5 à 7 mètres de haut), les framboises (1 à 2 mètres de haut).

Pendant que les plus gros plants sont en train de pousser, qui commencent à donner après 10-20 ans,

\section{Soil Type}
The first step to planting a permaculture food forest is understanding your soil
type.  In Canada the most common type of soil is acidic sandy loam but 
in Grey-Bruce is alkaline heavy loam, usually either
clay loam or silt loam. If your soil is black then it is loam loam, if it is
brown then it is either sandy loam or heavy loam.  

Si votre sol est jaune ou blanc à cause de la sable, alors il s'agit d'un sol sableux. Une fois que votre sol sableux a suffisamment de matière organique pour qu'il devienne brun, alors il passe à un sol sableux argilo-sableux.

Si votre sol est rouge ou gris et très dur à creuser, alors il est probable qu'il s'agisse d'argile lourde.
Vous pouvez vérifier en prenant une poignée pendant qu'il est humide et si vous pouvez en faire de la poterie, alors il s'agit certainement d'argile lourde. Si votre sol contient suffisamment de matière organique qu'il est brun et friable, c'est-à-dire qu'il a tendance à se décomposer au lieu de se lier, alors il s'agit d'argile lourde. Si elle est devenue noire à cause de la matière organique et qu'elle s'écoule bien, alors elle est passée au niveau de la loam.

\section{Plant Anatomy}
Relative to humans plants are somewhat upside down. Their
  arms and brains are actually in their root system, and they have all the same types of
  neuron receptors. With their forest communication and nutrient transport 
  system happening through the mycorhizal network.  So when transplanting
  plants, do attempt to maintain as much of the root system and soil as feasible. 
  The stem is their torso, and their branches are their legs, with their
  gentials being their flowers and fruit. 

\section{Planting}

Conservez vos jeunes plants dans des conditions lumineuses et légèrement ombragées et arrosez-les bien jusqu'à la plantation - idéalement dans les quelques jours suivant la récolte.

Select a site with suitable light: \textbf{full sun} (8–12 h) or \textbf{partial shade} (4–8 h). Space each plant at least its mature height apart, never closer than 30 cm; \textbf{hazelnuts need 4 m}, most trees 5 m.

Si vous envisagez de retirer les arbustes ou les arbres existants plus tard, plantez sur leur côté sud, est ou ouest. Ces plantes nourricières réduisent le vent, créent une ombre tamisée, retiennent l'humidité et maintiennent le sol plus frais pendant que vos jeunes plants s'établissent.

Dig a hole just wider than the pot and loosen the surrounding soil \textbf{30–40 cm deep and 50 cm wide}. If soil is shallow, build a small berm instead. Clear a 15–30 cm ring of vegetation and lay it down as mulch.

Placez le pot en tissu dans le trou avec son bord à la même hauteur que la surface du sol. Remplissez fermement le pot avec le sol excavé. Si le pot se trouve au-dessus du niveau du sol, recouvrez-le de terre jusqu'à ce qu'il soit à la même hauteur.

Arrosez abondamment pour stabiliser les poches d'air. Ajoutez plus de terre si elle s'enfonce, puis terminez avec 5 à 10 cm de paillis ou de carton, en gardant le paillis à 5 cm du tronc.

\subsection{Fertilizer}
Avoid strong fertilizers or fresh manure during the first year. If desired, apply hydroponic‑strength feeds: 1 g balanced NPK in 4 L water (April–July) or 1 g PK in 4 L (Aug–Sept). Drench the root zone only. Slow‑release granules may be broadcast in spring to encourage root foraging. When planting, incorporate no more than 5 % foreign soil; more effectively creates a pot within the ground. Further tips: \url{[https://lyis.ca/glok/?species=Fertilizer}](https://lyis.ca/glok/?species=Fertilizer})

\subsection{Pests}
Where rabbits or deer browse, surround the plant with mesh fixed to a stake until stems toughen. For insect balance, sow wildflowers nearby and leave stems standing over winter—beneficial insects overwinter above ground while many pests pupate below.

\subsection{Potting}
Potting can be temporary or permanent. We use the rule $e,h^{\varphi}$ litres as the \emph{minimum} volume for a full‑grown plant, and $2e,h^{\varphi}$ litres as the generous maximum (where \$h\$ is mature height in metres). Thus a 4 m hazelnut needs 25–50 L; a 2 m dwarf 8 L; a 3 m dwarf 16 L.

Avoid smooth round plastic or ceramic pots that cause root circling; choose fabric air‑pruning bags or square/star‑profile fabric pots. For custom air‑prune pots, email \texttt{[lyis@liberit.ca](mailto:lyis@liberit.ca)}.

More container info: \href{https://lyis.ca/glok/?species=Containers}{https://lyis.ca/glok/?species=Containers}
Pot size calculator: \href{https://lyis.ca/hpotglut/}{https://lyis.ca/hpotglut/}


\section{Plant Care}
The main thing is to give your plants love. Walk about your food forest at least
once a week or so, and let your mind be stilled by the beauty and the splendor
  of God's creation. Then notice any little voice of the plants, animals, or
  holy spirit calling out to you, where something may need some adjustment.
  Perhaps someone needs more water, or phosphorous, or someone needs to be
  bermed as they are inundated. Perhaps they are getting too much shade, or not
  enough, perhaps they need protection from deer. Perhaps they just need some
  loving radiance and a gentle stroking of their leaves. Let the plants speak to you, 
  they know what they need. Even when you are away from your forest, once you've
  established a relationship with your plants, they may call out to you in your
  mind, for the loving hand of the gardener to come to their aid, go to them, be
  an actor of the love of God in their life.

Lecture recommandée : « Plant Intelligence and the Imaginal Realm » par Stephen Harrod Buhner


\section{Plants}

\subsection{Corylus Americana Hazelnuts}
(Zones 4-9) Hazelnut trees can grow up to 3-5 meters tall, live for 30-40 years, after which they can be coppiced and they'll regrow as new. 
They begin producing nuts within 3-6 years. They can tolerate partial shade.



%\subsection{Sunflower Potatoes (Helianthus tuberosus) AKA Jerusalem Artichoke}
%A perennial that reaches up to 3 meters in height and is hardy to zone 3. It prefers full sun to light shade exposure and well-drained soil. Space plants about 90 cm apart to allow for growth and easy harvesting. It will start producing edible tubers, which are similar in texture and taste to potatoes, in its first year. The leaves are also edible and can be used similarly to spinach or kale. 
%
\subsection{Apios Americana (Groundnut)}
Hardy to zones 3-9, Groundnut is a perennial vine reaching a mature height of 3-4 meters. It takes about 2-3 years to produce tubers that are edible and taste like potatoes. It prefers slightly acidic soil (pH 6.1-6.5) and tolerates partial shade.

\subsection{Honey Locust}
(Zones 4-9) Honey locust trees can grow up to 20-30 meters tall, live for 30-70 years, and take 10-12 years to begin producing seed pods. They are adaptable to various sun exposures and soil conditions, and are generally low-maintenance. Prune to remove any unwanted thorns or lower branches, and maintain an open canopy.
%

\subsection{Goji Berry}
Goji berries are hardy in USDA zones 3-10, making them quite adaptable to various climates. These shrubs can grow up to 2-3 meters in height and produce fruit in 2-3 years.
Prefer full sun but can tolerate partial shade, can do well in variety of soil types, prefer well drained slightly alkaline soil. The berries are nutritious and can be eaten fresh but are best dried, and used in cooking or for teas.

%\subsection{Northern Hardy Pecans}
%(Zones 5-9) Pecan trees can grow up to 20 meters tall, live for over 300 years, and start producing nuts within 10-15 years. They prefer full sun. 
%Supplement with zinc sulfate in addition to the balanced fertilizer.

\subsection{Heartnut (Juglans ailantifolia var. cordiformis)}
The Heartnut is a large tree that can reach up to 20 meters in height. It is hardy to zone 5 and prefers full sun exposure. Plant heartnut trees about 9-12 meters apart to allow for their broad canopy. The trees will start bearing nuts after about 6-10 years.

\subsection{Basket Willow (Salix Viminalis)}
Fast growing hardy to zone 2, loves water, great for coppicing within 2-3 years. Mature height is 3-6 meters, prefers full sun, tolerates partial shade. Hyperaccumulators that clean soil of toxins. Bark can be chewed or made into tea for pain relief similar to aspirin.

%\subsection{Hardy Cherry Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme)} 
%They can reach up to 2 meters in height and are known to be able to self-seed down to hardiness zone 5. They prefer full sun exposure and well-drained soil. Space cherry tomato plants about 60-90 cm apart. Start producing fruit about 2-3 months after planting.
%

%\subsection{Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo)}
%Suited for zones 4-11, Cantaloupe is an annual vine that sprawls up to 1.5 meters on the ground. Expect to harvest ripe fruit roughly 80-90 days after planting. It enjoys slightly acidic to neutral soil pH (6.0-7.0). A heavy feeder, consider additional organic matter or balanced fertilizer during the growing season. Remember to provide ample space for vine expansion and reduce watering once fruits start to mature.
%
%\subsection{Runner Bean (Phaseolus coccineus)}
%Adaptable to zones 4-8, this annual plant can reach a mature height of 2-4 meters within the growing season. It generally begins to produce beans within 60-70 days of planting. Runner Bean prefers a slightly acidic to neutral soil pH (6.0-7.0). Note: It's a climbing plant, therefore provide a trellis or support for best growth.
%

%\subsection{Prunus Salicina (Yellow Plums)}
%(Zones 5-9) Trees can grow up to 5-7 meters tall and live for 20-30 years. They typically begin producing fruit within 3-6 years. They prefer full sun.
%
%\subsection{Prunus Domestica (Blue Plums)} 
%(Zones 5-9) Blue plum trees can grow up to 6-9 meters tall and live for 20-30 years. They typically begin producing fruit within 3-6 years. These trees prefer full sun and are often self-fertile, although cross-pollination with another cultivar can result in a better fruit yield.
%%
%\subsection{Prunus Canadensis (Red Plums)} 
%(Zones 3-8) Red plum trees, also known as Canada plums, can grow up to 4-8 meters tall and live for 20-30 years. They typically begin producing fruit within 3-5 years. These trees prefer full sun and are generally self-pollinating, but cross-pollination with another cultivar may improve fruit production.
%%

\subsection{Carragana Peashrubs}
(Zones 2-7) These shrubs can grow up to 3-5 meters tall, live for 20-50 years, and start producing pea-like pods within 2-3 years. They can tolerate partial shade.

\subsection{Korean Pine Nuts}
 (Zones 3-7) These trees can grow up to 25 meters tall, live for over 200 years, and take 10-12 years to begin producing nuts. They prefer full sun.




%\section{Caragana arborescens (Peashrub)}
%Hardy in zones 2-7, grows 6m high, in full sun. 
%They fix nitrogen and within 3-5 years produces edible beanpods and peas.
%They do well in soils which are sandy or loamy, and can do poor soils. 
%They can manage acidic, neutral, alkaline, and very alkaline soils. 
%They can do dry or moist soils and are drought tolerant.
%
%Carragana Peashrubs: pea shrubs are nitrogen fixers suitable for hardiness zones 2-7. They thrive in well-draining soil and full sun to partial shade. These shrubs can grow up to 3-5 meters tall and live for 20-50 years. They generally start producing pea-like pods within 2-3 years after planting. Space plants 1.5-3 meters apart. Water young shrubs regularly, they are drought tolerant when mature. 
%
%\section{Corylus americana (American Hazelnut)}
%Hardy in zones 4-8, grows to 3-4m (10-13ft) high in full sun or partial shade.
%They do well in soils which are sandy, loamy or heavy (clay loam or silt loam). 
%They need moderate moisture levels, water during heat waves or droughts. 
%Can do acidic, neutral, alkaline and very alkaline soils.
%
%Need at least two for pollinations, produces within 3-6 years, has a life expectancy of around 30 years, but can be extended with coppicing.
%They can be coppiced on rotation every 10-20 years, and then they will produce indefinitely, as long as centuries.
%
%Need roughly 5 hazelnuts shrubs to equal the production of an adult oak tree. 
%
%\section{Carya illinoinensis (Pecans)}
%Northern hardy pecan trees are suitable for hardiness zones 5-9. Choose a location with well-draining soil and full sun exposure. These trees can grow up to 20 meters tall and live for over 150 years. They generally start producing nuts within 6-10 years after planting. Plant saplings at least 10 meters apart to provide ample space for growth. Water young trees weekly, and increase the frequency during dry spells. Fertilizer regularly and supplement with zinc sulfate to support healthy growth. Monitor for common pests such as pecan weevils and aphids, and apply appropriate treatments when necessary.
%
\section{Prunus (Plums)}
Yellow plum trees are suitable for hardiness zones 5-9, depending on the specific variety. They require well-draining soil and a sunny location. These trees can grow up to 5-7 meters tall and live for 20-30 years. They typically begin producing fruit within 3-6 years after planting. Space trees 4.5-6 meters apart to accommodate their growth. Water young trees regularly, adjust as needed in response to rainfall. Fertilize regularly and supplement with additional nutrients if soil tests indicate deficiencies. Monitor for pests and diseases, such as plum curculio and brown rot, and treat accordingly to maintain tree health.
%
%\section{Pinus koreanensis (Plums)}
%Korean Pine Nuts: Korean pine nut trees (Pinus koraiensis) are suitable for hardiness zones 3-7. They prefer well-draining soil and full sun exposure. These trees can grow up to 25 meters tall and live for over 200 years. It typically takes 10-12 years for them to begin producing nuts. Space trees at least 6 meters apart for proper growth. Water young trees regularly, let the soil dry between waterings. Monitor for pests, such as bark beetles and pine sawflies, and apply appropriate treatments to protect your trees.

\section{Castanea mollissima (Sweet Chestnut)}
Not to be confused with horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), which are not edible but can be used for laundring white clothing.

Les noisettes douces poussaient autrefois sur tout le territoire avant que la maladie du castané ne les anéantisse pour la plupart. Bien qu'il existe des variétés résistantes comme la noisette chinoise. 
Ce sont celles-ci. Leurs parents sont en vie et en bonne santé et continuent à produire en Ontario.

%Ce sont les jeunes plants qui étaient assez résistants pour germer sans pourriture %les écrasant.
Donc ils viennent tous les deux d'une bonne parenté, et ont subi un processus de sélection naturelle 
%dans lequel ne sont ici que les plus résistants.

Ils produisent des fruits au cours des 5 à 10 premières années et

%Notamment les chênes sont de la famille des chênes, avec les chênes, donc vous pouvez remarquer que leurs feuilles ressemblent beaucoup. De plus, vous pouvez vouloir obtenir quelques chênes car ils ne sont pas

%\section{Pinus koraiensis (Pine nut)}
%Korean Pine Nut grows to 20m tall, and prefers well drained sandy or loamy soils,
%which are acidic or neutral, best on slopes or tops of hills in Grey-Bruce,
%it is a type of White Pine with large edible seeds about 12mm long, wheras
%regular white pine seeds are about 6mm long. You need at least two for
%pollination. If you have white pine already, then can plant it nearby or in a
%similar habitat.

%\section{Prunus (Plums, Apricots, Peaches)}
%Hardy in zones 5-7 Apricots prefer sandy or loamy soils, while Plums and Peaches can also grow on heavy soils.
%Peaches grow 6m tall, Plums and Apricots 9m. They will start to produce fruit within 3-6 years.  
%They prefer full sun.
%
%\section{Juglans nigrum/regia (Walnuts)}
%Hardy to zones 5-9 these hybrid walnuts will produce fruit within 7-10 years in good conditions. 
%They need full sun and will grow 20-30m tall, and can manage in sandy, loamy or heavy soil types.
%
%\section{Carragana arborscens (Peashrub)}
%Hardy to zone 2-7 these pioneer shrubs grow well on acidic to neutral, sandy and loamy soils up to 6m tall,
%and produce edible peapods and peas within about 6 years. 

%\section{Quercus (Oaks)}
%Oaks or rather acorns are a staple crop of the indigenous people of North
%America, being much more sustainable than corn as they produce acorns while
%increasing the soil fertility, and are much less maintenance
%
%%White Oaks were possibly bred by the indigenous to have lower tannins making
%%them easier to cook with fewer soaks and changes of water required before
%%becoming palatable. 
%%
%%Red Oaks are one of the few edible trees planted by the lumber industry. 
%%However red oak acorns are edible they simply need more rinsing than their white oak cousins. Another benefit of
%%red oak acorns is that since they are high in tannins they store rather easily.
%%Wheras white oak acorns have less tannins and so need to be stored more
%%carefully and processed within a few months if they are to be consumed.
%
%To prepare acorns for consumption you can boil them, and then pour off the
%water, then you can taste an acorn and see if it is palatable, if not then
%simply repeat the boil and pour off process until they are palatable. About 5-6
%cycles is usually enough even for red oaks, 3-4 for white. If you aren't used to eating acorns
%then you may wish to turn them to flour and have them with cookies or other
%sweet breads. 
%
%Oaks need at least two for pollination in order to set fruit. 
%They typically produce their first fruit within 20-30 years, 
%but in full sun may produce in as little as 10.
%
%
%\section{Quercus rubra (Bruce Trail Red Oak)}
%Acorns collected on the Bruce Trail in area of very thin soils on limestone bedrock.
%They produce a fairly large acorn and are convenient to harvest and easy to store.
%Hardy to zones 3-7 they grow up to 25m tall in full sun or partial shade.
%Sandy loam, Loam, Clay loam or heavy clay soils. Acidic, neutral, or alkaline soils.  Dry or moist soils. 
%
%\section{Quercus bicolor (Swamp White Oak)}
%With one of the largest acorn sizes in North America,
%Hardy to zones 4-8, up to 25m tall, they can do full sun or partial shade.
%they will also grow well in loam, clay loam and heavy clay soil.  
%They like moderate moisture to very wet soils. Acidic, neutral or alkaline.
%
%\section{Quercus macrocarpa (Burr Oak)}
%Hardy to zones 3-8, up to 15m tall, they can do full sun or partial shade.
%They do well in sandy loam, loam, clay loam, and heavy clay soils.
%They can do moderate moisture, dry soil, and can tolerate drought.
%acidic, neutral or alkaline soils.

 \section{Maclura pomifera (Osage Orange)}
A deciduous tree that thrives in Zones 4-9. It can reach heights of 8-15 meters and has a lifespan of 50-100 years. Once mature, usually within 5-10 years, the tree produces unique, grapefruit-sized green fruit that resembles oranges. Osage orange trees prefer full sun and well-drained soil. They are dioecious, meaning they have separate male and female trees, so cross-pollination is required for fruit development. With their hardy nature and striking appearance, Maclura pomifera trees add a distinctive touch to landscapes while providing valuable wildlife habitat and erosion control benefits.

\section{Contact}
Andrii Logan Zvorygin \\
Can find more food forest information on our website \\
\includegraphics[width=0.5cm]{hfoc/www-logo} https://lyis.ca \\
\includegraphics[width=0.5cm]{hfoc/email-logo} lyis@liberit.ca \\
\includegraphics[width=1em]{hfoc/phone-logo} 226-537-0147\\
\includegraphics[width=0.5cm]{hfoc/x-logo} @aizvo \\
\includegraphics[width=1em]{hfoc/etsy-logo-color} LyisForestry 

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