Got Sweet Alyssum to feed my beneficial insects in the greenhouse. Said it takes 2-4 weeks to sprout, but mine sprouted within 3 days!

Lobularia Maritima: Sweet Alyssum – A Hardy Companion for Gardens and Food Forests

Sweet Alyssum, scientifically known as Lobularia maritima, is a popular, low-growing flowering plant valued for its compact form, delicate honey-scented blooms, and versatility in many types of gardens. Originally hailing from the Mediterranean region, it thrives in coastal areas but is adaptable enough to flourish in varied conditions. Its botanical characteristics and easy-going nature make it an excellent choice for ornamental and permaculture applications alike, where it acts as a natural attractant for beneficial insects.

Botanical Overview

• Family: Brassicaceae (Mustard family)
• Habit: Low-growing annual or perennial in warmer climates
• Height: Typically 10-30 cm
• Spread: Up to 30-40 cm
• Flower: Dense clusters of small, four-petaled flowers, usually white but sometimes pink, purple, or lavender
• Bloom Time: Early spring to frost in many regions, with consistent flowering in cooler climates

Description and Characteristics (PFAF Style)

Latin Name	Lobularia maritima
Common Names	Sweet Alyssum, Carpet Flower
Family	Brassicaceae
Edibility Rating	1/5
Medicinal Rating	1/5
Perennial Zone	Hardy as a perennial in Zones 8-11, annual elsewhere
Height/Spread	10-30 cm height, 30-40 cm spread
Growth Habit	Low-growing, spreading
Soil Needs	Well-drained, light sandy or loamy soils; tolerates low fertility
pH	Neutral to slightly alkaline, 6.0–7.5
Sun Needs	Full sun to partial shade
Moisture	Low to moderate water requirements
Propagation	By seed, easily self-seeds
Companion Planting	Attracts pollinators; effective as ground cover or living mulch

Detailed Profile

Habitat and Cultivation:
Sweet Alyssum prefers sunny spots and tolerates a range of soils, from sandy to loamy, making it resilient in different garden environments. Its natural salt tolerance makes it ideal for coastal areas. In a food forest setting, it can act as a ground cover, filling in bare soil and minimizing weed competition. It self-seeds easily, establishing itself year after year with little intervention. Sweet Alyssum is drought-tolerant once established but benefits from moderate watering.

Edible Uses:
While not traditionally used as an edible plant, Lobularia maritima has mildly peppery-tasting flowers, occasionally used as a garnish. However, the flavor is subtle, and its primary use remains ornamental. For edible applications, other members of the Brassicaceae family, like mustards or radishes, may be preferred.

Medicinal Uses:
There is limited historical use of Sweet Alyssum for medicinal purposes. Some traditions suggest mild diuretic properties in infusions, but there’s little modern evidence to support this use, and it’s not typically recommended for medicinal applications.

Environmental and Companion Planting Benefits:
One of Sweet Alyssum's standout qualities is its ability to attract pollinators, particularly bees, butterflies, and predatory wasps. Its flowers provide an abundant nectar source, making it a valuable addition to any garden or permaculture system focused on supporting a healthy insect population. Sweet Alyssum is also known to attract beneficial insects like lacewings and hoverflies, which help control aphids and other pests naturally.

Because it forms a dense mat, Sweet Alyssum can act as a living mulch, reducing soil evaporation and discouraging weed growth around more prominent plants. It pairs well with strawberries, tomatoes, and brassicas, often planted at the edges of beds or paths to create a soft, flowering border.

Propagation and Maintenance:
Sweet Alyssum is very low-maintenance. Direct sowing is the easiest method, as the seeds germinate readily. If you want to start it indoors, it’s best to plant seeds 6-8 weeks before the last frost. In warmer climates, Sweet Alyssum can survive as a perennial and will self-seed extensively, often blooming in early spring without needing replanting. Trim back if it becomes leggy or stops blooming mid-summer; this often encourages a second flowering.

Potential Issues:
Sweet Alyssum is generally pest-resistant but can suffer from root rot if overwatered or planted in heavy, poorly draining soils. Aphid infestations are possible but are usually kept in check by the beneficial insects it attracts.

Key Takeaways

Sweet Alyssum (Lobularia maritima) is an attractive, low-maintenance plant that enriches the garden visually and ecologically. As a valuable ally in food forests and permaculture gardens, it attracts beneficial insects, provides ground cover, and supports soil health.

So it's important to check the stratification bags regularly. I have been checking the bags about once a week, and everything was going great. But we had a really hot week this week, and my bags are stratifying in an unheated greenhouse. Ended up losing about 5% of my chestnut seeds to fungus. I added more perlite and larger aeration holes to help reduce risk of future issues. Will check on them again next week. Hopefully will be fewer fatalities. I also decided to put a bag of chestnuts in the fridge. In case they do better there.

Here can see the super rare Apios Americana seeds. I have several varieties, and many different kinds of bugs, but they very rarely set fruit, but it's possible at least one or two of these is viable. And will be able to get a new Apios Americana cultivar!

Can see the beautiful autumn colours on these dwarf almonds.

Here are White Oak acorns that I picked up along the Freedom Trail in Harrison Park. Will be growing them from seed. Will likely use this seed source in future as well for my white oaks. I had to knock these guys out of the trees and pick them up, because the chipmunks and squirrels don't let any acorns hang around on the ground otherwise. May be popular at the market, could market it as "Freedom Oak". I got these on October 21st. Next year will have to check earlier for acorns, cause these were the last of what was up in the tree. And another big white oak in Harrison Park already had them all fall, and only caps were left in the grass. So probably early October or late September will be good to check next year.

Here’s the updated table with sorting based on fruit size from smallest to largest, as well as the estimated days until fruiting, which gives a clearer picture of each variety's timeline for fruit production in a cool or short-season setting.

Variety	Fruit Size	Type	Average Fruit Weight	Pollination Ease	Pollinators	Soil Volume (Per Plant)	Days to Fruit	Notable Traits
Wonderberry	Small	Solanum Berry	1-2g per berry	High (self-pollinating)	Hoverflies, incidental insects	3-5 L	75	Prolific small berry, tolerates cooler conditions well
Garden Huckleberry	Small	Solanum Berry	1-2g per berry	High	Incidental insects	3-5 L	70-80	Abundant berries, thrives in cool climates
Sungold	Small	Hybrid Cherry Tomato	10-15g	High (minimal intervention)	Incidental insects	10-12 L	57-65	Exceptionally sweet flavor, disease-resistant
Yellow Pear	Small	Heirloom Cherry Tomato	15-20g	High (self-pollinating)	Incidental insects	10-12 L	70-80	Mild, slightly tangy flavor, long blooming season
Chadwick Cherry	Small to Medium	Heirloom Cherry Tomato	20-30g	High	Incidental insects	10-12 L	78-85	Reliable fruit set, well-suited for salads and fresh use
Siberian	Small to Medium	Heirloom Tomato	50-100g	High (cold-hardy)	Incidental insects, wind	15-20 L	50-60	Tolerates cool temps, early season harvest
Stupice	Small to Medium	Heirloom Tomato (Czech)	50-100g	High (cold-tolerant)	Incidental insects, wind	15-20 L	55-65	Cold-resistant, slightly acidic flavor, early fruiting
Manitoba	Medium	Heirloom Tomato (Canadian)	100-150g	Moderate to High	Incidental insects	15-20 L	58-65	Developed for short, cool seasons; smooth, round fruits
Green Zebra	Medium	Heirloom Tomato	100-150g	Moderate to High	Incidental insects, wind	20 L	75-80	Unique tangy flavor, visually striking with green stripes
Moskvich	Medium	Heirloom Tomato (Russian)	100-200g	High (cool-weather tolerant)	Incidental insects	15-20 L	60-70	Known for rich flavor and solid cool climate tolerance
Oregon Spring	Medium-Large	Heirloom Tomato	100-200g	Moderate	Incidental insects	20 L	55-70	Ideal for short-season regions, reliable in cooler temps
Amish Paste	Large	Heirloom Tomato	170-200g	Moderate	Incidental insects	20-25 L	80-85	Great for sauces, firm texture, heritage variety
Cherokee Purple	Large	Heirloom Tomato	200-300g	Moderate	Incidental insects	20-25 L	80-85	Complex flavor, purple-pink fruit, heirloom variety
Tamarillo	Medium-Large	Tree Tomato	100-200g	Moderate	Incidental insects, bees	15-20 L	70-80	Tree fruit with tangy, juicy flavor, requires warmer protection
Brandywine	Extra Large	Heirloom Tomato	300-500g	Low to Moderate	Bumblebees, manual	25-30 L	80-100	Excellent flavor; requires sufficient pollination support

Key Takeaways:

• Quickest to Fruit: Siberian, Stupice, and Oregon Spring are the earliest fruiting varieties, all under 70 days, which makes them particularly valuable for short seasons or cooler regions.
• Easiest Pollination and Self-Fruitful Berries: Wonderberry and Garden Huckleberry, which are also compact in size, are highly self-sufficient and require minimal external pollination assistance.
• Larger Varieties Requiring More Pollination Support: Brandywine and Cherokee Purple produce large fruits but tend to require additional pollination help, such as bumblebee buzz pollination or manual assistance, to reach optimal yields, especially in greenhouse settings.

This configuration provides an efficient overview of size, days to fruit, and pollination needs, facilitating decisions on varieties that align best with your climate, pollination resources, and harvest goals.

For purpose of attracting beneficial predatory insects in a greenhouse setting, here is

Table of Nectar-Rich, Long-Blooming Flowers

Flower	Soil Volume Needed (ml)	Bloom Duration	Key Insects Attracted	Additional Benefits
Sweet Alyssum	250 ml	Early spring to late fall	Lacewings, parasitic wasps, hoverflies	Compact; ideal for small pots and continuous nectar source. Can be placed in corners of trays.
Marigold	500 ml	Early summer to first frost	Parasitic wasps, ladybugs	Repels certain pests; place along edges of trays or as a border.
Calendula	500 ml	Early summer to late fall	Hoverflies, lacewings, parasitic wasps	Bright, attractive to beneficials; frequent deadheading prolongs bloom.
Catnip	250-500 ml	Late spring to early fall	Lacewings, parasitic wasps	Deters some pests; fragrant and easy to grow in small containers.
Dill	250 ml	Mid-summer to early fall	Parasitic wasps, hoverflies	Small flowers attract tiny beneficials; compact and fits near trays.
Fennel	500 ml	Late summer to fall	Parasitic wasps, hoverflies, lacewings	Aromatic; tall but can be kept pruned to fit greenhouse trays.
Buckwheat	250-500 ml	Early summer to late fall (cut and regrow)	Parasitic wasps, hoverflies, lacewings	Rapid regrowth; very attractive to parasitic wasps and lacewings.
Mexican Heather	250 ml	Spring to fall	Parasitic wasps, small predatory beetles	Compact; fits well in tray corners and can handle small pots.

Tips for Arrangement

• Corners of Trays: Place sweet alyssum or Mexican heather in the corners of your trays for continuous nectar in minimal space.
• Edges or Adjacent Pots: Marigolds and calendula can be positioned in slightly larger pots (500 ml) along the edges to keep a steady nectar supply for lacewing adults and parasitic wasps.
• Supplementary Placement: Dill and buckwheat can be interspersed near trays or grown in small pots as rotating nectar sources.

This setup will provide a balanced nectar supply for beneficial insects through the growing season, keeping lacewing adults, parasitic wasps, and other predators supported even as temperatures cool.

The Osage orange are going strong, though some of second year ones have started to change colour for autumn as well.

Can see the Virginia Persimmons have had a good first year of growth, and have developed woody stems. The leaves are starting to drain of colour as they are preparing for autumn.

One of people's most commonly requested species, the PawPaw. As you can see even after a year of growth they didn't grow a whole lot. I am gonna have to setup my front greenhouse to be at a hotter temperature, maybe 25C before turning the fans on, in order to get them to grow better. They seem to only grow during very hot weather. I have gotten better at germinating them by sprouting them in an incubator at near 30C. But then I put them in my greenhouse and it takes months for them to emerge likely cause it was too cold for them, they need those 25C temperatures to get growing.

Can see the sweet chestnut leaves turning yellow here with autumn. I ordered a bunch more 500 seed so I can sell the first years cheaper next year. Am gonna try some more different stratification methods, hopefully figure out how to get a good germination rate, while minimizing loss to rot.

Can see the honey locust seedlings turning yellow with autumn. Also some hardy hazelnuts closer in foreground staying green.

These wonderberries, it is second year they are growing well in my greenhouse. These ones started from volunteers of those I grew in my greenhouse last year. I managed to collect some seed and will be able to sell in spring. They are good producers and will produce even in minimal soil. They are sweet and some black raspberry flavour. Good for eating out of hand or in pies. ,

Got a bunch of apples with their first year of growth completed. All had Ida Reds as their parent, good for eating, pies and storage, and also frost tolerant.

The banana passionfruit vine is doing well in my heated greenhouse. First fruit may be as soon as next year, and then can start naturalizing.

How to Properly Mulch Around Your Plum Tree (Including Flowers)

Mulching around a tree is essential for retaining soil moisture, improving soil structure, and supporting beneficial fungi. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to mulch, what substances to use, and how to incorporate flowers or companion plants starting from the drip line, without disturbing the tree. Spring bulbs can be an exception and may be planted within the mulched area as they won't compete with the tree during its growing season.

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1. Mulch Diameter

• Diameter: Spread mulch in a 1 to 1.5-meter (3 to 5 feet) diameter around the base of the plum tree, starting from the drip line (the outermost edge of the tree's canopy) and extending outward. This gives the tree's roots space to spread and reduces competition from grass and weeds.
• Depth: Apply mulch in a layer about 5-10 cm (2-4 inches) deep. Avoid piling it too high, as that can trap moisture against the bark and lead to rot.

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2. Keep Mulch Away from the Trunk

• Mulch Volcano: Do not pile mulch directly against the tree trunk (often called a "mulch volcano"). Leave a 5-10 cm (2-4 inches) gap between the trunk and the mulch. This prevents moisture buildup and rot near the base of the tree.
• Keep the area immediately around the trunk free from mulch to allow air circulation around the bark.

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3. Best Mulching Substances

• Wood Chips: Use natural wood chips or bark mulch, which are great for fungal growth as they break down slowly, feeding the beneficial fungi in the soil.
• Leaf Litter: Fallen leaves or shredded leaves are excellent for retaining moisture and gradually decompose, adding nutrients to the soil.
• Straw or Hay (with Caution): Straw can promote bacterial dominance, so if you want to maintain a fungal-dominant environment, limit straw use or mix it with wood chips or leaf litter.
• Composted Material: Well-rotted compost is a great base layer to improve soil health before applying wood chips on top.

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4. Incorporating Companion Flowers and Plants

Companion plants and flowers should be planted starting from the drip line, not directly at the base of the tree. This keeps the shallow feeder roots near the trunk undisturbed and gives companion plants space to grow without competing with the tree.

• Spring Bulbs Exception: You can plant spring bulbs within the mulched area because they grow early in the season and die back before the tree’s active growing period, minimizing competition while helping keep weeds down.
• Plant Distance: Start planting flowers and companion plants from the drip line of the tree (the outer edge of the canopy) and further outward.
• Shallow-Rooted Plants: Choose shallow-rooted plants that won’t compete aggressively with the plum tree for nutrients and water.

Good Companion Plants and Flowers

• Nasturtiums: Plant nasturtiums around the edge of the mulching area, starting at the drip line. Nasturtiums attract beneficial insects and help deter pests.
• Giant Burdock: Plant giant burdock 60-90 cm (2-3 feet) from the tree’s drip line. Giant burdock has deep roots that help improve soil structure and draw up nutrients. Its large leaves can also be cut and used as mulch.
• Yarrow: Plant yarrow 30-45 cm (1-1.5 feet) from the drip line. It attracts predatory insects that help control pests and improves the soil with its root system.
• Clover: Clover can be planted as a living mulch at the drip line and beyond, acting as ground cover and fixing nitrogen into the soil.
• Bee Balm (Monarda): This flowering plant can be placed on the outer edge of the mulching zone to attract pollinators. Keep it about 45 cm (1.5 feet) beyond the drip line.

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5. Watering and Maintenance

• Water Before Mulching: Water the soil around the tree thoroughly before applying mulch, especially during dry periods. This will help the soil retain moisture.
• Reapply Mulch Annually: Mulch breaks down over time, so it’s essential to top up the mulch once or twice a year to maintain the 5-10 cm (2-4 inches) depth. Spring and fall are great times for reapplying.

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Summary

• Spread mulch 1-1.5 meters (3-5 feet) in diameter around the tree, starting from the drip line and extending outward.
• Keep mulch 5-10 cm (2-4 inches) deep and away from the tree trunk.
• Use wood chips, leaf litter, or straw (with caution) as mulch.
• Plant spring bulbs within the mulched area, and companion flowers like nasturtiums, yarrow, and giant burdock starting from the drip line and outward, to avoid disturbing the tree’s roots.

By following these steps, you’ll create a healthy environment for your plum tree, improve soil conditions, and naturally support its growth and resistance to diseases like Black Knot.

Organic Guide for Dealing with Black Knot on a Plum Tree (No Fungicides)

Black Knot, caused by the fungus Apiosporina morbosa, primarily affects plum and cherry trees by forming hard, black galls or knots on branches. Managing this disease organically involves pruning, encouraging beneficial fungi, and improving overall tree health. Here’s a complete guide:

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1. Prune and Remove Infected Branches

Timing: Prune during late fall or winter when the tree is dormant to avoid spreading fungal spores.

Pruning Technique:

• Use sharp, sanitized tools and cut at least 15-20 cm (6-8 inches) below the visible black knots. This ensures you're removing all infected tissue.
• After each cut, sterilize your tools with a solution of 70% isopropyl alcohol or a 10% bleach solution to prevent spreading the fungus.

Disposal:

• Burn or dispose of pruned branches far from the tree. Do not compost infected material, as spores can survive and spread from decaying branches.

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2. Encourage Air Circulation

Thin the Canopy:

• Prune crowded branches and open up the tree’s canopy to improve airflow. This reduces moisture retention, which helps prevent fungal growth.
• Ensure there’s enough space between trees for air to circulate. Overcrowding promotes high humidity and increases the risk of infection.

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3. Mulch with Fungal-Dominant Materials

Wood Chips and Leaf Litter:

• Apply a fungal-friendly mulch like wood chips, leaf litter, or straw around the base of the tree. These materials encourage beneficial fungi that help improve soil health and fight off harmful pathogens.

Compost:

• Regularly top-dress with well-made, fungal-dominant compost to feed the soil and encourage beneficial microorganisms. This increases the tree's natural defenses against diseases like Black Knot.

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4. Companion Planting

Companion plants can improve biodiversity, attract beneficial insects, and deter pests, creating a healthier environment for your plum tree. Here are some suitable companions:

• Nasturtiums: These plants attract beneficial insects and repel pests like aphids, enhancing the overall health of the tree.
• Comfrey: Deep-rooted comfrey mines nutrients and brings them to the surface. Its leaves can also be used as mulch, enriching the soil.
• Yarrow: Yarrow attracts predatory insects that keep pests at bay while improving soil structure with its roots.
• Mint and Basil: Although you avoid alliums, mint and basil are great companions that repel harmful insects and add biodiversity to the planting area.
• Clover: Acts as a living mulch and nitrogen fixer, improving soil fertility. Its dense cover retains moisture and supports beneficial soil life.
• Bee Balm (Monarda): Attracts pollinators and can act as ground cover, reducing the chance of fungal spores splashing onto the tree during rain.

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5. Boost Beneficial Fungi

Mycorrhizal Fungi:

• Inoculate the soil with mycorrhizal fungi, which form a symbiotic relationship with the tree’s roots. These fungi enhance nutrient uptake and help the tree resist diseases like Black Knot.
• Apply mycorrhizal inoculants around the tree’s root zone during planting or when adding compost.

Trichoderma Fungi:

• Consider using Trichoderma, beneficial fungi that naturally outcompete harmful pathogens. You can find Trichoderma-based products for soil application.

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6. Minimize Soil Disturbance

No-Till Practices:

• Avoid digging around the tree to protect the delicate fungal networks in the soil. Tilling can break up these beneficial mycorrhizal relationships.
• Instead, mulch regularly with organic materials to feed the soil and improve its structure without disturbing it.

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7. Proper Watering and Moisture Control

• Deep, Infrequent Watering: Water the tree deeply but less frequently, allowing the soil to dry slightly between watering sessions. This promotes deep root growth and helps prevent fungal infections.
• Avoid Overhead Watering: Use drip irrigation or water directly at the base of the tree to keep leaves and branches dry. Wet foliage can promote fungal spore growth and spread.

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8. Monitor Tree Health Regularly

Frequent Inspections:

• Inspect your plum tree regularly, especially in the early growing season, for any new signs of Black Knot. Early detection is key to preventing the disease from spreading.
• If new knots form, prune and dispose of them promptly.

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9. Improve Soil Health

• Increase Organic Matter: Continuously add compost, leaf litter, or straw to your soil to improve its health and support beneficial fungi. Healthier soil helps your tree resist diseases naturally.
• Add Biochar: Biochar enhances soil structure and creates a favorable environment for beneficial fungi. Charge the biochar by soaking it in compost tea before applying it to the soil around your tree.

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10. Avoid Synthetic Chemicals

• No Fungicides: Even organic fungicides can harm beneficial fungi, so avoid using any fungicides in this case. Instead, rely on soil health, beneficial fungi, and proper care to combat Black Knot.
• Use Organic Fertilizers: Choose slow-release organic fertilizers like compost, fish emulsion, or bone meal to feed the tree without disrupting soil biology. Avoid synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, which can encourage pathogen growth.

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Summary

By following these steps, you can effectively manage Black Knot on your plum tree without the use of fungicides, while encouraging beneficial fungi and improving overall tree health. Regular monitoring, proper pruning, companion planting, and a healthy soil ecosystem are key to long-term success in managing this disease organically.

Got a load of blue plums earlier in September. And now have put the seeds in to soak to get them ready to cold startify.

Amen soaking the cherry seeds to get them ready to cold stratify.

Am soaking the yellow plum seeds we got this year to get them ready to cold stratify.

Got a load of fresh hazelnuts from this year's harvest, and am soaking them to get them ready to cold stratify.

Comprehensive Guide to Transferring Your Farm to Your Children in Canada

Transferring ownership of a family farm to your children is a significant and meaningful decision. It ensures the continuity of your farming legacy while providing financial security for the next generation. However, navigating the tax implications under the Income Tax Act (Canada) is crucial to minimize tax burdens and ensure a smooth transition. This guide combines detailed insights and relevant provisions from the Income Tax Act to help you effectively transfer your farm to one or more children.

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1. Introduction

Transferring your farm to your children involves strategic planning to leverage tax provisions that facilitate the transfer while minimizing immediate tax liabilities. Understanding the relevant sections of the Income Tax Act is essential for a tax-efficient succession plan.

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2. Understanding Inter Vivos Transfers

An inter vivos transfer refers to the transfer of property from one individual to another while both parties are still living. In the context of transferring a farm, this means you (the transferor) transferring ownership of the farm to your child(ren) (the transferee).

Key Considerations:

• Tax Implications: Understanding how the transfer is treated for tax purposes.
• Legal Requirements: Ensuring all legal documents are correctly prepared and filed.
• Family Dynamics: Considering the roles and responsibilities of the children in managing the farm.

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3. Intergenerational Rollover Provision (Section 73 of the Income Tax Act)

The intergenerational rollover allows you to transfer eligible farm property to your children (or grandchildren) on a tax-deferred basis. This means that the capital gains tax is deferred until your children sell or transfer the property in the future.

Key Points:

• Qualified Farm Property: Includes land, depreciable property (e.g., buildings, equipment), and shares in family farm corporations.
• Usage Requirement: The farm must be used principally (more than 50%) in a farming business actively managed by you, your spouse, or your children.
• Adjusted Cost Base (ACB): Property is transferred at its ACB, deferring the capital gains tax.

Relevant Quote:

“…the particular property is deemed to have been disposed of at that time by the individual for proceeds equal to… the adjusted cost base to the individual of the particular property immediately before that time.”
(Section 73(1)(a)(ii))

Benefits:

• No Immediate Capital Gains Tax: The tax is deferred until your children sell or transfer the property.
• Smooth Succession: Helps keep the farm within the family, ensuring continuity of operations.

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4. Lifetime Capital Gains Exemption (LCGE) (Section 110.6 of the Income Tax Act)

In addition to the rollover, farmers may qualify for the Lifetime Capital Gains Exemption (LCGE), which allows you to shelter up to $1 million of capital gains from tax when transferring qualified farm property.

Key Points:

• Qualified Criteria: The farm must have been used in the farming business for at least 24 months.
• Combining with Rollover: You can use the rollover for a portion of the property and claim the LCGE on another portion to reduce or eliminate the capital gains tax.

Relevant Quote:

“…the child is deemed to have acquired the property at a cost equal to the taxpayer’s proceeds of disposition in respect of the disposition of the property determined under…”
(Section 3.1(e))

Strategy:

• Partial Transfer: Use the rollover for part of the property and the LCGE for the remaining portion.
• Multiple Transfers: Spread the transfers over several years to maximize the LCGE benefits.

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5. Principal Residence Exemption (Section 40(2)(b) of the Income Tax Act)

If the farm includes a principal residence, you may be eligible for the Principal Residence Exemption (PRE), which exempts the capital gain on the portion of the property used as a residence.

Key Points:

• Residential Portion: The PRE applies only to the residential portion of the farm. The land used for farming remains subject to capital gains tax or rollover.
• Further Tax Reduction: This exemption can further reduce the tax liability associated with the transfer.

Relevant Quote:

“…the property has been used principally in a farming… business in which the taxpayer, the taxpayer’s spouse or common-law partner, a child of the taxpayer… was actively engaged on a regular and continuous basis.”
(Section 3.1(c))

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6. Special Provisions for Farm Transfers (Sections 73 and 3.1)

Deemed Disposition and Acquisition (Section 73(1))

When you transfer the farm, the property is deemed to have been disposed of for proceeds equal to its adjusted cost base (ACB). The transferee (your child) acquires the property at this deemed amount, which can help defer capital gains taxes.

Relevant Quote:

“…the particular property is deemed to have been disposed of at that time by the individual for proceeds equal to… the adjusted cost base to the individual of the particular property immediately before that time.”
(Section 73(1)(a)(ii))

Transferring Depreciable Property Used in Farming (Section 3.1)

If the farm includes depreciable property (e.g., machinery, buildings), special rules apply to determine the proceeds of disposition and the acquisition cost by your child.

Key Points:

• The property must have been used principally in a farming business.
• Your child must be a resident of Canada at the time of transfer.
• The farm must have been actively used in farming by you or your family members.

Relevant Quote:

“…the property has been used principally in a farming… business in which the taxpayer, the taxpayer’s spouse or common-law partner, a child of the taxpayer… was actively engaged on a regular and continuous basis.”
(Section 3.1(c))

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7. Lifetime Capital Gains Exemption (LCGE)

Eligibility and Application

Farmers may qualify for the LCGE, which allows you to exempt up to $1 million of capital gains from tax when transferring qualified farm property. To qualify, the farm must meet specific criteria, such as being actively used in farming for at least 24 months.

Relevant Quote:

“…the child is deemed to have acquired the property at a cost equal to the taxpayer’s proceeds of disposition in respect of the disposition of the property determined under…”
(Section 3.1(e))

Combining LCGE with Rollover

You can strategically use the rollover provision to transfer part of the property while applying the LCGE to another part, thereby optimizing tax benefits and deferring liabilities.

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8. Principal Residence Exemption (PRE)

Utilizing PRE for Residential Portions

If part of your farm is used as a principal residence, you can apply the PRE to exempt the capital gains on that portion. This reduces the overall tax liability on the transfer.

Relevant Quote:

“…the property has been used principally in a farming… business in which the taxpayer, the taxpayer’s spouse or common-law partner, a child of the taxpayer… was actively engaged on a regular and continuous basis.”
(Section 3.1(c))

Strategic Application

Carefully delineate the residential and farming portions of your property to maximize the benefits of both PRE and the intergenerational rollover.

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9. Bill C-208 (2021 Amendment to Section 84.1 of the Income Tax Act)

Bill C-208 made it easier to transfer shares of family farm corporations by addressing the tax disadvantages that existed when selling to family members. The amendment allows for more favorable tax treatment when transferring ownership within the family.

Key Points:

• Avoiding Section 84.1: Prevents the sale from being treated as a dividend, which is subject to higher taxes.
• Tax-Efficient Restructuring: Facilitates the transfer of shares within family-held corporations in a tax-efficient manner.

Relevant Quote:

“…the corporation shall be deemed to have paid at that time a dividend on the issued shares of the particular class…”
(Section 84(1))

Benefits:

• Reduced Tax Burden: Minimizes the taxes that would otherwise be payable under Section 84.1.
• Facilitates Corporate Transfers: Makes transferring ownership of a family farm corporation more straightforward and tax-efficient.

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10. Steps to Transfer the Farm

Step 1: Confirm Eligibility

Ensure your farm qualifies as qualified farm property under the rollover and LCGE provisions. This includes verifying that the farm is used principally in a farming business and has been actively managed.

Step 2: Determine Tax Strategy

Decide whether to use the intergenerational rollover, LCGE, or a combination of both to optimize tax benefits.

Step 3: Appraise the Property

Obtain a fair market value appraisal to determine the potential capital gains and how much can be deferred or exempted.

Step 4: Choose the Transfer Method

Decide between a direct transfer to your child or transferring through a trust. Each method has distinct tax implications.

Step 5: Execute the Transfer

• Direct Transfer: Transfer the property title to your child(ren).
• Trust Transfer: Establish a trust that meets the conditions outlined in Section 73(1.01)(c) and transfer the property to the trust.

Step 6: Make Necessary Elections

Elect in your income tax return to apply certain provisions that prevent the deemed disposition rules from triggering immediate tax liabilities.

Relevant Quote:

“…unless the individual elects in the individual’s return of income under this Part for the taxation year in which the property was transferred that the provisions of this subsection not apply…”
(Section 73(1))

Step 7: File Required Documentation

Ensure all legal documents are correctly filed and necessary elections are made with the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA).

---

11. Tax Implications and How to Handle Them

Deemed Capital Gains (Section 73(1))

Upon transfer, the farm is deemed to have been sold at its ACB, which may trigger capital gains if the farm's fair market value exceeds the ACB.

Mitigation Strategies:

• Use the Principal Residence Exemption (PRE): To reduce capital gains.
• Income Splitting: Transfer to multiple children to spread the capital gains.

Transfer at ACB

Transferring the farm at ACB defers the capital gains tax until the child disposes of the property.

Relevant Quote:

“…the child is deemed to have acquired the property at a cost equal to the taxpayer’s proceeds of disposition in respect of the disposition of the property determined under…”
(Section 3.1(e))

Avoiding Immediate Taxation

By meeting the qualifying transfer conditions, you can defer taxation and potentially reduce the overall tax burden when the child eventually sells the property.

---

12. Important Elections to Make

Election Under Section 73

To prevent immediate tax liability from a deemed disposition, you may elect under Section 73 to transfer the property without triggering capital gains.

Relevant Quote:

“…unless the individual elects in the individual’s return of income under this Part for the taxation year in which the property was transferred that the provisions of this subsection not apply…”
(Section 73(1))

Filing Deadlines

Ensure that elections are filed by your income tax filing due date for the year in which the transfer occurs to apply the rollover and other tax benefits.

---

13. Documentation and Filing

Legal Documentation

• Transfer Deed: Legally transfer the title of the farm to your child or trust.
• Trust Agreement: If transferring via a trust, ensure the trust deed meets the requirements outlined in Section 73(1.01)(c).

Tax Forms

• Income Tax Return: Include the necessary elections and declarations regarding the transfer.
• CRA Forms: Complete any specific forms required by the CRA for property transfers.

---

14. Additional Considerations

Creating a Family Trust

A trust can provide more control over how the farm is managed and distributed among children, especially if there are multiple beneficiaries.

Corporate Structures

If the farm is incorporated, Sections 84 and 84.1 may apply, particularly concerning dividends and reductions in paid-up capital. This can affect how shares are transferred and taxed.

Relevant Quote:

“…the corporation shall be deemed to have paid at that time a dividend on the issued shares of the particular class…”
(Section 84(1))

Succession Planning

Develop a comprehensive succession plan to address management transfer, especially if you intend to gradually hand over control to your children.

Consult Professional Advisors

Engage with tax professionals, estate planners, and legal advisors to tailor the transfer strategy to your specific situation and ensure compliance with all legal requirements.

---

15. Conclusion and Professional Advice

Transferring your farm to your children involves navigating complex tax laws to ensure a smooth and tax-efficient transition. By utilizing the provisions of the Income Tax Act, such as the intergenerational rollover, LCGE, and PRE, you can significantly reduce or defer the tax burden associated with the transfer.

Key Takeaways:

• Plan Early: Start planning your transfer well in advance to maximize tax benefits.
• Leverage Tax Provisions: Use the intergenerational rollover and LCGE to defer or reduce capital gains tax.
• Ensure Compliance: Meet all legal and tax requirements to benefit from favorable tax treatments.
• Seek Professional Guidance: Consult with qualified professionals to navigate the complexities of the transfer process effectively.

---

Disclaimer: This guide is intended for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal or tax advice. Consult with a qualified professional before making any financial or legal decisions related to the transfer of your farm.

At Keady Market, feel free to stop by for a chat or to get some trees or a cross.

To aim for a typical insecticidal soap concentration in your spray, you should target around 1-2% soap in the water. Let's adjust the amount accordingly for your 900 ml solution.

Updated Ingredients:

• Dry Potassium Silicate: 1.5 g (for a 3 ml liquid equivalent)
• Pure Soap Flakes: 9 g (for a 1% concentration) or 18 g (for a 2% concentration)
• Water: 900 ml (for the final mixture) + 50 ml (for dissolving potassium silicate)

Instructions:

1. Dissolve the Dry Potassium Silicate:

   • Dissolve 1.5 g of dry potassium silicate in 50 ml of warm water at approximately 40°C. Stir until fully dissolved.

2. Dissolve the Soap Flakes:

   • Dissolve 9 g (for 1% concentration) or 18 g (for 2% concentration) of pure soap flakes in 50 ml of warm water at approximately 40°C. Stir until fully dissolved.

3. Combine and Mix:

   • Pour both the potassium silicate and soap solutions into your 900 ml spray container.
   • Add additional water to bring the total volume to 900 ml.
   • Shake the container well to ensure all ingredients are evenly mixed.

Application:

• Spray onto the plant leaves, covering all surfaces.
• Apply every 7-10 days or as needed to control aphids.

This adjustment provides a more effective concentration of soap for combating aphids.

My first potato harvest of my French Fingerlings. 365 grams. This is from basically two handfula from one of my potato bags. Should be a lot more in there also.

Here the Marshmallows are in bloom

Am at Keady Market on Schultz, feel free to stop by for a chat or to get plants or a cross.

UK and Ireland Land Area and Population Carrying Capacity Analysis

This table provides an analysis of the land area of the UK and Ireland, including their current populations, the number of people each region can support at 1 hectare and 0.5 hectares per person, and the percentage of carrying capacity they are at based on habitable areas. The habitable area is calculated as a percentage of the total area of each region.

Region	Area (hectares)	Area (square kilometers)	% Habitable Area	Habitable Area (hectares)	Current Population	People Supported (1 ha/person)	% of Carrying Capacity (1 ha/person)	People Supported (0.5 ha/person)	% of Carrying Capacity (0.5 ha/person)
England	13,000,000	130,000	80%	10,400,000	56,000,000	10,400,000	538.5%	20,800,000	269.2%
Scotland	7,800,000	78,000	60%	4,680,000	5,500,000	4,680,000	117.5%	9,360,000	58.8%
Wales	2,100,000	21,000	70%	1,470,000	3,150,000	1,470,000	214.3%	2,940,000	107.1%
Northern Ireland	1,400,000	14,000	85%	1,190,000	1,900,000	1,190,000	159.7%	2,380,000	79.8%
Ireland	7,040,000	70,400	75%	5,280,000	5,010,000	5,280,000	94.9%	10,560,000	47.4%
Total	31,340,000	313,400	~74.1%	23,020,000	71,560,000	23,020,000	310.9%	46,040,000	155.4%

Discussion

Issues Arising from Exceeding Carrying Capacity

1. Resource Depletion: When the population exceeds the carrying capacity, it can lead to the depletion of natural resources, such as fresh water, arable land, and forests. This can result in scarcity, higher costs, and environmental degradation.

2. Food Insecurity: Overpopulation in relation to the available habitable land can lead to food shortages. If the land cannot produce enough food to sustain the population, it could lead to increased dependence on food imports, which might not always be reliable.

3. Environmental Impact: High population density can lead to significant environmental impacts, including pollution, loss of biodiversity, and increased carbon emissions. This can exacerbate climate change and reduce the quality of life for inhabitants.

4. Infrastructure Strain: Overpopulation can strain infrastructure, including transportation systems, healthcare, and housing. This can lead to overcrowding, longer commute times, and a decrease in public health and safety.

5. Economic Pressure: A population exceeding the carrying capacity can place economic pressure on governments and economies, requiring more resources to provide basic services and maintain living standards.

6. Insights from Universe 25 Study: The Universe 25 experiment conducted by John B. Calhoun showed that overpopulation can lead to societal collapse. In a confined space, once the population reached a critical point, social structures broke down, leading to increased aggression, lack of social cohesion, and a decline in reproduction. This experiment serves as a warning of the potential psychological and social consequences of overcrowding.

Potential Solutions

1. Sustainable Agriculture: Implementing sustainable agricultural practices can help increase food production without further degrading the land. This includes techniques like crop rotation, organic farming, and agroforestry.

2. Population Control: Policies and education aimed at controlling population growth can help balance the number of people with the available resources. This includes family planning and incentives for smaller families.

3. Resource Management: Effective management of natural resources, including water and energy, can help sustain larger populations. This includes investing in renewable energy sources and efficient water usage practices.

4. Urban Planning: Improving urban planning can help accommodate growing populations more efficiently. This includes developing green spaces, improving public transportation, and promoting high-density housing solutions.

5. Technological Innovation: Advancements in technology can provide solutions to overpopulation issues, such as improved agricultural technologies, better waste management systems, and innovations in renewable energy.

6. International Cooperation: Collaborative efforts between countries can help address overpopulation issues. This includes sharing resources, technology, and expertise to promote global sustainability.

7. Exporting Populations: Encouraging and facilitating the migration of people to less overcrowded regions of the globe can help balance population densities. This can alleviate pressure on overpopulated areas and contribute to global demographic balance.

Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive approach that considers both the environmental and socio-economic factors involved. By implementing sustainable practices and policies, it is possible to mitigate the negative impacts of exceeding carrying capacity and promote a more balanced and sustainable future.

The Marshmallow got its first flowers.

I am at Meaford Summerfest next to the Big Apple on Meaford. Stop by for a chat or to get some plants.

So for making the half litre pots, seems can use a piece of fabric that is 24cm wide and 20cm tall, and that will yield the proper size flat pot.

> 5.77cm*5.77cm*15cm to lt

  (5.77 × centimeter) × (5.77 × centimeter) × (15 × centimeter) = 0.4993935 L

> > 5.77cm*5.77cm*15cm to lt

  (5.77 × centimeter) × (5.77 × centimeter) × (15 × centimeter) = 0.4993935 L

> 

Here can see the thorns starting to form on this two year old thorny locust.

Here is a two year old Osage Orange, can see it's got a woody stem and thorns on last years growth. An excellent hedge plant, nature's barbed wire fence.

Here is a beautiful bouquet made for a customer consisting of a three sunflower potatoes, two one yearling hazelnuts, and a two year old hazelnut.

Here are some beautiful healthy first year hazelnuts.

Here is a nice view of a pack of three Sunflower Potatoes as I'm getting them ready for a customer.

Here is a single creeping thyme, as you can tell they have more greens than roots! What's also interesting is that they will root along their growing length as well.

These one year old heartnuts are getting Big! Certainly is time for transplanting them into bigger ones as well. Edges of the leaves are showing some root stress from being in pots that aren't big enough.

These spider plants are big enough now for sale, can see the roots have gotten all the way to the bottom, can plant them in a 2 litre pot, and they will fill it up.

the Summer Savory is also doing very well, this is the tops of three that are planted in a 2L pot. As you can see lots of herb could be garnered from this.

Creeping Thyme is doing well, here I have three of them transplanted into a 2l pot, and they are really flourishing.

The Sweet Soft Chestnuts are getting big enough that I'm gonna have to repot them into bigger containers soon.

Here can see a planting of 2yr old pecans that did for the Colpoy's Bay Women's Institute near Wiarton. Put up the stakes and caution tape so that the person mowing the lawn can easily see where they are planted from their mowing tractor. Also during the planting made whole twice as wide, added about a third of a cup of gypsum as the soil was quite heavy, in about a 1m^2 perimiter, then put down cardboard, and 5-10cm of wood mulch for weed suppression and building up the soil. Much of the land the women's institute has seems to only be about 10-12cm deep, so had to also add some soil around the pots which are 15cm deep. It's okay to add some garden or potting soil in this manner. Also note the bowl shape of the mulch, this is so the rain goes towards the plant. Though I have to note that the mulch was a bit more fresh that I generally like, I prefer the mulch to age for at least a month before applying it on the plants, since the mulch could leech various chemicals and compounds from the recently deceased tree, which may overwhelm the seedling. Hopefully the seedlings will be okay however. Had to use that which was available at the time of planting.

Also planted 2 2yr old heartnuts, and 2 2yr old Goji berries while I was there in a similar manner, though with appropriate spacing. The goji's only need about 3m between them, the heartnuts 9m, and the pecans depicted have about 12m between them.

I am at Hottest Street Sale Under the Sun in Owen Sound today. Come by to chat or get some plants or spiritual information. Am at 285 9th St East for your GPS, just in front of Jazzmyns.

These creeping thyme I think will look great in a pot as well, also a good option for sale, certainly are mature enough for planting outdoors or in a sunny windowsill.

The marshmallow plants are not getting big enough to sell as well.

My virginia persimmons look about ready for sale.

These prairie mimosa are looking grand and healthy.

The spider plants are mature and ready for repotting into pots people can put on their windowsills for air purification purposes.

Can see the beautiful way the runner beans are draping over my deck.

Hammerhead worms (Bipalium species) are intriguing predators within their ecosystems, playing a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. These worms help regulate earthworm populations, preventing overpopulation and ensuring soil health. They also prey on the larvae of various common pests, contributing to pest control.

Ecological Balance through Predation

Predators like hammerhead worms do not eliminate their prey populations; instead, they regulate them. This balance prevents any single species from becoming overly dominant and depleting resources. Hammerhead worms help maintain sustainable earthworm populations, preventing potential overpopulation and its associated negative impacts on soil structure and nutrient cycling.

Earthworm Population Dynamics

Earthworms are vital for soil health due to their roles in aerating the soil, enhancing nutrient cycling, and aiding in organic matter decomposition. However, excessive earthworm populations, especially invasive species, can disrupt native soil ecosystems. Hammerhead worms help keep earthworm populations in check, promoting a balanced and healthy soil environment.

Earthworms as Invasive Species in Canada

Interestingly, earthworms themselves have recently been considered invasive in parts of Canada. European earthworm species, introduced by early settlers, have spread into areas where native earthworms were absent, such as boreal forests. These invasive earthworms can significantly alter soil structure, nutrient cycling, and plant communities, often to the detriment of native ecosystems【15†source】【14†source】.

Predation on Pest Larvae

Hammerhead worms also prey on the larvae of various common pests, contributing to natural pest control in ecosystems. Some of the pests they target include:

1. Slugs: Hammerhead worms prey on slug larvae, helping to control populations that can damage crops and plants.
2. Snails: By feeding on snail larvae, they help reduce the numbers of these gastropods, which are known to harm garden plants.
3. Insect Larvae: They also consume the larvae of various soil-dwelling insects, which can be pests to agricultural and garden plants.

Potential Benefits of Controlled Earthworm Populations

Invasive earthworm species can disrupt native soil structures and nutrient cycling processes. By preying on these earthworms, hammerhead worms may help mitigate such impacts, promoting a more diverse and stable soil environment.

Conclusion

Understanding hammerhead worms as part of a predator-prey relationship highlights their role in maintaining ecological balance and contributing to natural pest control. Recognizing their function beyond being pests themselves allows for a more holistic view of their presence in ecosystems. This perspective encourages sustainable and adaptive management practices that benefit overall ecosystem health.

For further insights into predator-prey dynamics and ecosystem management, resources like Chelsea Green Publishing and studies on soil biodiversity can provide additional information.

Here are the Papaws with some true leaves now, they are growing well.

Manitoba Tomatoes are getting bigger!

Here's the table for the Baltic and Nordic nations, with habitable areas, current populations, people supported at 1-2 hectares per person, and the percentage of carrying capacity:

Baltic and Nordic Nations

Country	Area (sq km)	% Habitable Area	Habitable Area (hectares)	Current Population	People Supported (1-2 ha/person)	% of Carrying Capacity (1-2 ha/person)
Denmark	43,094	90%	3,878,460	5,840,000	1,939,230 - 3,878,460	301.1% - 150.5%
Estonia	45,227	70%	3,165,890	1,330,000	1,582,945 - 3,165,890	84.0% - 42.0%
Finland	338,424	50%	16,921,200	5,540,000	8,460,600 - 16,921,200	65.5% - 32.8%
Iceland	102,775	20%	2,055,500	370,000	1,027,750 - 2,055,500	35.9% - 17.9%
Latvia	64,589	70%	4,521,230	1,850,000	2,260,615 - 4,521,230	121.9% - 60.9%
Lithuania	65,300	70%	4,571,000	2,630,000	2,285,500 - 4,571,000	115.1% - 57.5%
Norway	385,207	50%	19,260,350	5,370,000	9,630,175 - 19,260,350	55.8% - 27.9%
Sweden	450,295	60%	27,017,700	10,120,000	13,508,850 - 27,017,700	74.9% - 37.4%
Total	1,494,911	54.5%	81,391,330	33,050,000	40,695,665 - 81,391,330	80.1% - 40.1%

This table provides the land areas of the Baltic and Nordic nations, the estimated percentage of each country that can support trees or has precipitation over 250mm annually, the habitable area based on that percentage, the current populations, the number of people each country can support based on the habitable area (1-2 hectares per person), and the percentage of carrying capacity they are currently at.

For transition planning, here is the updated table for Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, with the habitable areas and carrying capacities calculated based on 1 hectare to 2 hectares per person, considering the colder climate:

Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus

Country/Province	Area (sq km)	% Habitable Area	Habitable Area (hectares)	Current Population	People Supported (1-2 ha/person)	% of Carrying Capacity (1-2 ha/person)
Russia	17,098,242	50%	854,912,100	146,000,000	427,456,050 - 854,912,100	34.1% - 17.0%
Central Federal District	650,205	80%	52,016,400	39,000,000	26,008,200 - 52,016,400	150.0% - 75.0%
Northwestern Federal District	1,687,000	50%	84,350,000	13,000,000	42,175,000 - 84,350,000	30.8% - 15.4%
Southern Federal District	420,900	90%	37,881,000	16,500,000	18,940,500 - 37,881,000	89.4% - 44.7%
Volga Federal District	1,038,000	80%	83,040,000	29,000,000	41,520,000 - 83,040,000	71.3% - 35.6%
Ural Federal District	1,818,500	40%	72,740,000	12,000,000	36,370,000 - 72,740,000	60.6% - 30.3%
Siberian Federal District	5,114,800	30%	153,444,000	17,000,000	76,722,000 - 153,444,000	90.6% - 45.3%
Far Eastern Federal District	6,169,300	20%	123,386,000	8,000,000	61,693,000 - 123,386,000	154.2% - 77.1%
Ukraine	603,628	90%	54,326,520	41,000,000	27,163,260 - 54,326,520	151.9% - 75.9%
Belarus	207,600	90%	18,684,000	9,500,000	9,342,000 - 18,684,000	102.1% - 51.1%
Total	22,568,570	49.9%	1,482,780,020	196,500,000	741,390,010 - 1,482,780,020	137.5% - 68.7%

This table provides the land areas of Russia and its provinces, Ukraine, and Belarus, the estimated percentage of each region that can support trees or has precipitation over 250mm annually, the habitable area based on that percentage, the current populations, the number of people each region can support based on the habitable area (1-2 hectares per person), and the percentage of carrying capacity they are currently at.

Here is the table for Australia and New Zealand, including their provinces, with habitable areas, current populations, people supported at 1 hectare per person, and the percentage of carrying capacity:

Australia and New Zealand

Country/Province	Area (sq km)	% Habitable Area	Habitable Area (hectares)	Current Population	People Supported (0.5-1 ha/person)	% of Carrying Capacity (0.5-1 ha/person)
Australia	7,692,000	50%	384,600,000	25,600,000	192,300,000 - 384,600,000	13.3% - 6.7%
New South Wales	809,444	70%	56,661,080	8,164,000	28,330,540 - 56,661,080	28.8% - 14.4%
Victoria	237,657	90%	21,389,130	6,689,000	10,694,565 - 21,389,130	62.6% - 31.3%
Queensland	1,730,648	60%	103,838,880	5,206,400	51,919,440 - 103,838,880	10.0% - 5.0%
South Australia	983,482	30%	29,504,460	1,770,800	14,752,230 - 29,504,460	12.0% - 6.0%
Western Australia	2,529,875	30%	75,896,250	2,667,100	37,948,125 - 75,896,250	7.0% - 3.5%
Tasmania	68,401	90%	6,156,090	541,100	3,078,045 - 6,156,090	17.6% - 8.8%
Northern Territory	1,420,970	20%	28,419,400	245,600	14,209,700 - 28,419,400	1.7% - 0.9%
Australian Capital Territory	2,358	100%	235,800	431,800	117,900 - 235,800	366.1% - 183.1%
New Zealand	268,000	80%	21,440,000	5,100,000	10,720,000 - 21,440,000	47.6% - 23.8%
North Island	113,729	90%	10,235,610	3,900,000	5,117,805 - 10,235,610	76.2% - 38.1%
South Island	150,437	70%	10,530,590	1,200,000	5,265,295 - 10,530,590	22.8% - 11.4%
Total Australia and New Zealand	7,960,000	50%	406,040,000	30,700,000	203,020,000 - 406,040,000	15.1% - 7.6%

This table provides the land areas of Australia and New Zealand, their provinces, the estimated percentage of each region that can support trees or has precipitation over 250mm annually, the habitable area based on that percentage, the current populations, the number of people each region can support based on the habitable area, and the percentage of carrying capacity they are currently at.

For transition planning, Here is the corrected table for China and its provinces, with a single range percentage column for carrying capacity based on 0.5-1 person per hectare:

China and Its Provinces

Province	Area (sq km)	% Habitable Area	Habitable Area (hectares)	Current Population	People Supported (0.5-1 ha/person)	% of Carrying Capacity (0.5-1 ha/person)
Anhui	139,600	90%	12,564,000	63,000,000	6,282,000 - 12,564,000	501.7% - 251.3%
Beijing	16,400	100%	1,640,000	21,000,000	820,000 - 1,640,000	2560.5% - 1280.3%
Chongqing	82,400	100%	8,240,000	31,000,000	4,120,000 - 8,240,000	752.4% - 376.2%
Fujian	121,500	90%	10,935,000	39,000,000	5,467,500 - 10,935,000	713.2% - 356.6%
Gansu	425,900	40%	17,036,000	25,000,000	8,518,000 - 17,036,000	293.7% - 146.9%
Guangdong	179,800	90%	16,182,000	126,000,000	8,091,000 - 16,182,000	1557.6% - 778.8%
Guangxi	236,200	80%	18,896,000	50,000,000	9,448,000 - 18,896,000	529.3% - 264.7%
Guizhou	176,100	90%	15,849,000	36,000,000	7,924,500 - 15,849,000	454.0% - 227.0%
Hainan	35,400	90%	3,186,000	9,300,000	1,593,000 - 3,186,000	583.4% - 291.7%
Hebei	187,900	80%	15,032,000	75,000,000	7,516,000 - 15,032,000	998.5% - 499.3%
Heilongjiang	473,100	60%	28,386,000	37,000,000	14,193,000 - 28,386,000	260.6% - 130.3%
Henan	167,000	80%	13,360,000	98,000,000	6,680,000 - 13,360,000	1467.7% - 733.8%
Hubei	185,700	80%	14,856,000	58,000,000	7,428,000 - 14,856,000	780.1% - 390.1%
Hunan	211,800	90%	19,062,000	66,000,000	9,531,000 - 19,062,000	692.3% - 346.2%
Inner Mongolia	1,183,000	20%	23,660,000	24,000,000	11,830,000 - 23,660,000	202.7% - 101.4%
Jiangsu	102,600	100%	10,260,000	80,000,000	5,130,000 - 10,260,000	1559.7% - 779.9%
Jiangxi	166,800	80%	13,344,000	45,000,000	6,672,000 - 13,344,000	674.6% - 337.3%
Jilin	187,100	60%	11,226,000	27,000,000	5,613,000 - 11,226,000	481.2% - 240.6%
Liaoning	145,800	60%	8,748,000	43,000,000	4,374,000 - 8,748,000	982.9% - 491.4%
Ningxia	66,400	40%	2,656,000	7,200,000	1,328,000 - 2,656,000	542.2% - 271.1%
Qinghai	721,200	30%	21,636,000	6,000,000	10,818,000 - 21,636,000	200.3% - 100.2%
Shaanxi	205,800	60%	12,348,000	38,000,000	6,174,000 - 12,348,000	615.3% - 307.6%
Shandong	157,100	90%	14,139,000	102,000,000	7,069,500 - 14,139,000	1443.3% - 721.7%
Shanghai	6,340	100%	634,000	24,000,000	317,000 - 634,000	7572.7% - 3786.3%
Shanxi	156,300	60%	9,378,000	36,000,000	4,689,000 - 9,378,000	767.6% - 383.8%
Sichuan	485,000	80%	38,800,000	83,000,000	19,400,000 - 38,800,000	427.8% - 213.9%
Tianjin	11,900	100%	1,190,000	13,600,000	595,000 - 1,190,000	2285.7% - 1142.9%
Tibet	1,228,400	20%	24,568,000	3,600,000	12,284,000 - 24,568,000	68.2% - 34.1%
Xinjiang	1,664,900	10%	16,649,000	25,000,000	8,324,500 - 16,649,000	300.3% - 150.1%
Yunnan	393,900	90%	35,451,000	48,000,000	17,725,500 - 35,451,000	270.7% - 135.3%
Zhejiang	101,800	90%	9,162,000	58,000,000	4,581,000 - 9,162,000	1266.3% - 633.1%
Total China	9,600,000	70.7%	678,336,000	1,411,000,000	339,168,000 - 678,336,000	**416.0% - 208%

For transition planning, here is table for North America, including estimates of the percentage of each country that can support trees or has precipitation over 250mm annually. The calculations for people supported are based on the habitable portion of each country.

North America

Country/Region	Area (hectares)	Area (sq km)	% Habitable Area	Habitable Area (hectares)	Current Population	People Supported (1 ha/person)	% of Carrying Capacity
Canada	347,100,000	9,984,670	50%	173,550,000	38,000,000	173,550,000	21.9%
United States	916,200,000	9,162,000	80%	732,960,000	331,000,000	732,960,000	45.2%
Mexico	196,400,000	1,964,000	60%	117,840,000	126,000,000	117,840,000	106.9%
Greenland (Denmark)	34,000,000	2,166,086	1%	340,000	56,000	340,000	16.5%
Bermuda	5,400	54	100%	5,400	71,000	5,400	1,314.8%
Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France)	24,200	242	100%	24,200	6,000	24,200	24.8%
Total North America	1,493,729,600	23,277,052	~69.9%	1,024,719,600	495,133,000	1,024,719,600	48.3%

This table provides the land areas of North American countries and regions, the estimated percentage of each country that can support trees or has precipitation over 250mm annually, the habitable area based on that percentage, the current populations, the number of people each region can support based on the habitable area, and the percentage of carrying capacity they are currently at.

For Transition Planning, here is a table showing the land area of the UK, including Ireland, along with their current populations, the number of people each region can support at 1 hectare per person, and the percentage of carrying capacity they are at.

UK and Ireland

Region	Area (hectares)	Area (square kilometers)	Current Population	People Supported (1 ha/person)	% of Carrying Capacity
England	13,000,000	130,000	56,000,000	13,000,000	430.8%
Scotland	7,800,000	78,000	5,500,000	7,800,000	70.5%
Wales	2,100,000	21,000	3,150,000	2,100,000	150.0%
Northern Ireland	1,400,000	14,000	1,900,000	1,400,000	135.7%
Ireland	7,040,000	70,400	5,010,000	7,040,000	71.2%
Total	31,340,000	313,400	71,560,000	31,340,000	228.3%

This table provides the land areas of the UK and Ireland, their current populations, the number of people each region can support based on 1 hectare per person, and the percentage of carrying capacity they are currently at.

For transition planning, here is the updated table for Hawaii, with habitable areas and carrying capacities calculated based on 0.5-1 hectare per person, considering the favorable climate:

Hawaii and Its Main Islands

Island	Area (sq km)	% Habitable Area	Habitable Area (hectares)	Current Population	People Supported (0.5-1 ha/person)	% of Carrying Capacity (0.5-1 ha/person)
Hawai’i (Big Island)	10,420	90%	938,000	200,629	469,000 - 938,000	42.8% - 21.4%
Maui	1,887	90%	169,830	164,754	84,915 - 169,830	194.0% - 97.0%
O’ahu	1,572	90%	141,480	1,016,508	70,740 - 141,480	1436.9% - 718.5%
Kaua’i	1,435	90%	129,150	73,298	64,575 - 129,150	113.6% - 56.8%
Moloka’i	674	90%	60,660	7,345	30,330 - 60,660	82.0% - 41.0%
Lana’i	360	90%	32,400	3,367	16,200 - 32,400	96.5% - 48.3%
Ni’ihau	183	90%	16,470	170	8,235 - 16,470	96.5% - 48.3%
Kaho’olawe	118	90%	10,620	0	5,310 - 10,620	0.0%
Total Hawaii	16,649	90%	1,498,610	1,466,071	749,305 - 1,498,610	197.8% - 98.9%

This table provides the land areas of Hawaii’s main islands, the estimated percentage of each island that can support trees or has sufficient precipitation, the habitable area based on that percentage, the current populations, the number of people each island can support based on the habitable area (0.5-1 hectares per person), and the percentage of carrying capacity they are currently at.

For transition planning, here's a table for EU member countries, including land area, current population, people supported at 1 hectare per person, and the percentage of carrying capacity they are at:

EU Member Countries

Country	Area (hectares)	Area (sq km)	Current Population	People Supported (1 ha/person)	% of Carrying Capacity
Austria	8,380,000	83,800	8,920,000	8,380,000	106.5%
Belgium	3,050,000	30,500	11,590,000	3,050,000	380.7%
Bulgaria	11,010,000	110,100	6,520,000	11,010,000	59.2%
Croatia	5,660,000	56,600	4,020,000	5,660,000	71.0%
Cyprus	925,000	9,250	1,210,000	925,000	130.8%
Czech Republic	7,880,000	78,800	10,690,000	7,880,000	135.7%
Denmark	4,310,000	43,100	5,840,000	4,310,000	135.5%
Estonia	4,520,000	45,200	1,330,000	4,520,000	29.4%
Finland	33,840,000	338,400	5,540,000	33,840,000	16.4%
France	55,100,000	551,000	67,060,000	55,100,000	121.7%
Germany	35,700,000	357,000	83,020,000	35,700,000	232.5%
Greece	13,200,000	132,000	10,370,000	13,200,000	78.6%
Hungary	9,300,000	93,000	9,630,000	9,300,000	103.5%
Ireland	7,040,000	70,400	5,010,000	7,040,000	71.2%
Italy	30,100,000	301,000	59,080,000	30,100,000	196.2%
Latvia	6,450,000	64,500	1,850,000	6,450,000	28.7%
Lithuania	6,530,000	65,300	2,630,000	6,530,000	40.3%
Luxembourg	259,000	2,590	650,000	259,000	251.0%
Malta	32,000	320	520,000	32,000	1625.0%
Netherlands	4,150,000	41,500	17,530,000	4,150,000	422.4%
Poland	31,300,000	313,000	38,180,000	31,300,000	122.0%
Portugal	9,200,000	92,000	10,280,000	9,200,000	111.7%
Romania	23,800,000	238,000	19,050,000	23,800,000	80.0%
Slovakia	4,900,000	49,000	5,450,000	4,900,000	111.2%
Slovenia	2,020,000	20,200	2,100,000	2,020,000	104.0%
Spain	50,600,000	506,000	47,350,000	50,600,000	93.6%
Sweden	44,500,000	445,000	10,120,000	44,500,000	22.7%
Total EU	421,384,000	4,213,840	447,700,000	421,384,000	106.2%

This table lists the land area of each EU member country, their current population, the number of people each country can support at 1 hectare per person, and the percentage of carrying capacity they are currently at.

Made my new 2l pots for my 2l pot forms. They big! As you can see from the pictures. Transplanting some of my 2yr Hazelnuts which were in 0.5l pots into them, they should be able to continue growing for a year or two before getting pot bound again. Hazelnuts tend to be sensitive to not having enough root space, and like high moisture. These deep pots should give them plenty of it, especially if top watered regularly. Since these are more than 15cm tall, they will need regular top watering, since bottom watering would only reach the bottom 15cm. I'm thinking of also making an intermediate like 1Lt pot, but haven't yet settled on a design, and it would also likely use a lot of corrugated plastic, I try to stick to just one 1.2m*9m sheet per pot form, to keep costs down, and to fit in a laser cutter, so could laser cut them later for resale.

So for making a 2Lt pot for my pot form, based on my calculations need to have a piece of fabric that is at least 38.4cm long and 28.6cm wide. but probably preferable to be like 33cm wide, and 40cm long, to avoid it being too short or narrow.

> 4.39+33+1

  4.39 + 33 + 1 = 38.39

> 27.6+1

  27.6 + 1 = 28.6

> 8*4

  8 × 4 = 32

> 

Making tray of 2Lt pot forms, 8x8.3x30.3cm for my 2yr hazelnuts which are getting too big for their pots, hopefully will be big enough to carry them through to their 3rd year.

Manitoba Tomatos are starting to form their first fruit.

Here is the revised table for the Violet Ray with unique trees and shrubs suitable for a food forest:

Ray	Common Blockages	Memory Palace Representations	Potential Species	Bible Quote	Confederation Quote
Violet Ray	Disconnection from divine	Broken links in a golden chain	Black Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis)	"Remain in me, as I also remain in you." (John 15:4)	"You are always connected to the Creator, for you are a part of the Creator. Remember your divine essence." (Q'uo, 1996/11/17)
	Lack of unity consciousness	Fractured crystals or splintered beams	Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin)	"That they may all be one; even as You, Father, are in Me and I in You, that they also may be in Us." (John 17:21)	"Unity is the fundamental truth of creation. All is one, and the journey is towards realizing this oneness." (Q'uo, 1991/09/01)
	Spiritual exhaustion	Dim, flickering lights	Pine Nut (Pinus pinea)	"Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest." (Matthew 11:28)	"In times of exhaustion, return to the source of love and light within you. Reconnect with your inner divinity." (Q'uo, 2005/11/13)
	Feeling of separation from the Creator	A lone tree in a vast, empty field	Chestnut (Castanea sativa)	"And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age." (Matthew 28:20)	"The feeling of separation is an illusion. You are eternally embraced by the Creator's love." (Q'uo, 1994/07/24)

This table now includes unique trees and shrubs such as Black Elderberry, Mimosa, Pine Nut, and Chestnut, which are suitable for a food forest and serve as effective mnemonics for the associated blockages.

Here is the revised table for the Indigo Ray, including trees and shrubs with medicinal properties that can be found in a temperate climate like a food forest, serving as both symbolic and mnemonic aids:

Ray	Common Blockages	Memory Palace Representations	Potential Species	Bible Quote	Confederation Quote
Indigo Ray	Intuition blockages	Clouded skies or mist	Prairie Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin)	"Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God." (Matthew 5:8)	"The truth will set you free. To see clearly is to see the self in all things and all things in the self." (Q'uo, 2000/06/18)
	Lack of insight	Hidden pathways or concealed doors	Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia)	"Ask and it will be given to you; seek and you will find." (Matthew 7:7)	"Seek to be of service to the One in the many. Each act of service opens the door to greater understanding." (Q'uo, 2005/05/01)
	Fear of psychic abilities	Shadowy figures or dark corners	Elderberry (Sambucus nigra)	"Do not be afraid, little flock, for your Father has been pleased to give you the kingdom." (Luke 12:32)	"Live life as if everything is rigged in your favor. Trust in the unfolding of your spiritual gifts." (Q'uo, 2001/04/08)
	Spiritual arrogance	Towering, intimidating structures	Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)	"Whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant." (Mark 10:43)	"Each voluntarily placed the social memory complex data in what you may consider a central thought complex available to all. True wisdom is found in humility and service." (Ra, 1981/01/15)

This table now includes trees and shrubs such as Prairie Mimosa, Russian Olive, Elderberry, and Ginkgo, which are suitable for a food forest and serve as effective mnemonics for the associated blockages.

Here is the expanded table with specific plant species, Bible quotes, and full Confederation quotes, showing a clear relationship between Jesus' teachings and the Confederation's insights:

Ray	Common Blockages	Memory Palace Representations	Potential Species	Bible Quote	Confederation Quote
Red Ray	Fear	Thorny shrubs or brambles blocking the path	Thorny Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos)	"Do not be afraid; just believe." (Mark 5:36)	"In the face of fear, remember love. There is no darkness so deep that love cannot transform it. Hold love as a torch before you, and fear will fade away." (Q'uo, 2005/11/21)
	Insecurity	Unstable ground or shaking earth	Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides)	"Take heart! It is I. Don't be afraid." (Matthew 14:27)	"You have within yourself everything that you need to be of the greatest service. Trust in the Creator’s infinite love and your own worthiness." (Q'uo, 1989/03/12)
	Survival issues	Fallen trees or debris	Black Walnut (Juglans nigra)	"Therefore I tell you, do not worry about your life." (Matthew 6:25)	"You are planting seeds which shall be reaped by those that come after you. Your efforts are never in vain, for they contribute to the greater tapestry of creation." (Q'uo, 1987/12/13)
	Distrust	Murky, unclear water	Bog Rosemary (Andromeda polifolia)	"Let not your hearts be troubled. Believe in God; believe also in me." (John 14:1)	"The One Creator cannot be reduced or influenced or have any concern or any fear of any situation. Trust in the divine plan, and let your faith be your guide." (Q'uo, 2000/05/14)
Orange Ray	Emotional instability	Wild, untamed vines	Wild Grape (Vitis riparia)	"Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you." (John 14:27)	"Even in confusion, you are of service. Your intention to love and serve is the beacon that guides you through turbulent emotions." (Q'uo, 2005/03/08)
	Relationship conflicts	Barbed wire fences or thorny barriers	Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)	"Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you." (Matthew 5:44)	"You seek within a difficult circumstance, and you serve in the same. Every interaction is an opportunity to express unconditional love and forgiveness." (Q'uo, 2003/09/06)
	Creative blockages	Wilted flowers or barren patches	Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii)	"I am the vine; you are the branches. If you remain in me and I in you, you will bear much fruit." (John 15:5)	"To acknowledge the source of this tenderness, and to work within the heart, allows creativity to flow freely. Embrace your divine connection." (Q'uo, 2001/05/06)
	Low self-esteem	Broken mirrors or shadows	Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora)	"You are the light of the world. A town built on a hill cannot be hidden." (Matthew 5:14)	"Live and love. Let your eyes be eyes of love. See the divine light within yourself and others." (Q'uo, 1985/01/06)
Yellow Ray	Power struggles	Tall, impassable walls	Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica)	"The greatest among you will be your servant." (Matthew 23:11)	"Each voluntarily placed the social memory complex data in what you may consider a central thought complex available to all. True power lies in humble service and shared wisdom." (Ra, 1981/01/15)
	Ego and pride	Statues with exaggerated features	Gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa)	"For those who exalt themselves will be humbled, and those who humble themselves will be exalted." (Matthew 23:12)	"The type of communication of which you speak is the language of control, the language of suppression, the language of confusion. Choose instead the language of love, humility, and clarity." (Q'uo, 2005/10/29)
	Social anxiety	Dense, impenetrable fog	Nettle (Urtica dioica)	"Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest." (Matthew 11:28)	"This is a journey that we share with you. In your moments of anxiety, know that you are not alone. Reach out and find comfort in the divine presence." (Q'uo, 2007/04/22)
	Group conflicts	Dividing hedges or split pathways	Thorny Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus)	"A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another." (John 13:34)	"Seek to be of service to the One in the many. Let love guide your interactions and resolve conflicts through unity and understanding." (Q'uo, 2005/05/01)
Green Ray	Grudges and resentment	Thorn bushes around the heart of the garden	Burdock (Arctium minus)	"Forgive, and you will be forgiven." (Luke 6:37)	"The concepts of innocence, love, light and unity are of such importance to those within your third-density illusion. Release grudges and embrace the transformative power of forgiveness." (Q'uo, 2005/10/30)
	Hatred	Blackened, dead trees	Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera)	"But I tell you, love your enemies." (Matthew 5:44)	"This light is quite evident to those of us within the higher densities. We gather around it to rejoice with you, to worship with you the One Creator that exists within you, and around you, and all about this one infinite creation. Let love replace hatred and illuminate your path." (Q'uo, 2016/09/17)
	Self-love issues	Broken fountains or dried-up streams	Japanese Quince (Chaenomeles speciosa)	"Love your neighbor as yourself." (Matthew 22:39)	"For you are the Creator, and the Creator cannot be reduced or influenced or have any concern or any fear of any situation. Embrace self-love as an acknowledgment of your divine nature." (Q'uo, 2000/05/14)
	Lack of compassion	Cold, empty spaces without greenery	Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia)	"Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy." (Matthew 5:7)	"This is a journey that we share with you. Let your heart open to compassion and mercy, knowing that you are supported by divine love." (Q'uo, 2007/04/22)
Blue Ray	Communication issues	Broken bridges or silent statues	Reed Grass (Phragmites australis)	"Let your 'Yes' be 'Yes,' and your 'No,' 'No.'" (Matthew 5:37)	"Use their personal discernment and weigh whatever thoughts we share against their own hearts and their own sensibilities. Speak your truth with clarity and integrity." (Q'uo, 2002/06/16)
	Suppressed truth	Locked chests or sealed scrolls	Wisteria (Wisteria sinensis)	"The truth will set you free." (John 8:32)	"If there is a desire on the part of entities to request certain Confederation entities contact them within the dream state, this will be done. Embrace and express your truth, for it is a path to liberation." (Q'uo, 1996/08/11)
	Fear of speaking	Echoing empty halls	Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)	"Do not worry about what to say or how to say it." (Matthew 10:19)	"This is a difficult topic for us to speak to in a clear sense because the attitudes of bellicosity, as they present themselves and manifest upon your planet, are quite unfamiliar to us. Trust in the divine to guide your words." (Q'uo, 2006/03/12)
	Dishonesty	Mirrors reflecting false images	Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans)	"I am the way and the truth and the life." (John 14:6)	"Live and love. Let your eyes be eyes of love. Seek truth in all things and let

Picked a lot of sweet cherries from the best trees at Keyzer Farm as well. Hoping gonna have a good germination rate on them.

Prunus avium: Sweet Cherries

Prunus avium, commonly known as sweet cherries, are a beloved fruit known for their juicy, sweet flavor and numerous health benefits. Well-suited for cultivation in Ontario, sweet cherries provide both economic and nutritional advantages to local growers and consumers. These fruit trees are a wonderful addition to orchards, gardens, and food forests.

Suitability for Ontario

1. Climate Adaptability: Sweet cherries thrive in USDA zones 5-7, making them suitable for many regions in Ontario. They prefer areas with cold winters and warm, dry summers.

Growing Conditions

2. Soil Requirements: Sweet cherries prefer well-drained, loamy soils with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. They thrive best in fertile, well-aerated soils.

3. Sunlight: Full sun is essential for optimal growth and fruit production. Plant sweet cherries in a location that receives at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily.

4. Watering: Regular watering is crucial, especially during dry spells and the fruiting period. Ensure the soil is consistently moist but not waterlogged.

Characteristics and Benefits

5. Tree Size: Sweet cherry trees typically grow to a height of 6-12 meters (20-40 feet) with a similar spread. Dwarf varieties are available, which grow to about 2-4 meters (6-12 feet) and are ideal for smaller gardens.

6. Fruit Description: The trees produce large, juicy cherries that are usually red, but can also be yellow or black. The fruit is sweet and rich in flavor.

Time to Fruiting

7. Fruiting Time:
   • From Seed: Sweet cherry trees grown from seed typically take 7-10 years to begin producing fruit. This longer timeline allows the seedling to establish a strong root system and grow to a mature size before fruiting.
   • From Transplants/Grafted Trees: Sweet cherry trees typically begin producing fruit 4-7 years after planting. Proper care and optimal growing conditions can help accelerate this process.

Edible Uses and Nutritional Profile

8. Culinary Uses: Sweet cherries are delicious fresh off the tree, but they can also be used in a variety of recipes, including pies, jams, jellies, salads, and beverages. Their sweet flavor makes them a versatile ingredient in both sweet and savory dishes.

9. Nutritional Value:

   • Vitamins: High in Vitamin C, Vitamin A, and Vitamin K.
   • Minerals: Rich in potassium, magnesium, and iron.
   • Antioxidants: Contains anthocyanins and quercetin, which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
   • Fiber: Provides dietary fiber, supporting digestive health.

Health Benefits

10. Anti-Inflammatory Properties: Sweet cherries contain compounds that help reduce inflammation and muscle soreness, making them popular among athletes.

11. Improved Sleep: The natural melatonin content in sweet cherries can help improve sleep quality and regulate sleep cycles.

12. Heart Health: Regular consumption of sweet cherries may support heart health by reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Ecological and Soil Benefits

13. Pollinator Attraction: The white blossoms of sweet cherry trees attract bees and other pollinators, supporting local biodiversity and improving fruit set.

14. Soil Improvement: Fallen leaves and fruit add organic matter to the soil, improving its structure and fertility.

Cultural Significance

15. Cultural Heritage: Sweet cherries have a rich cultural significance in many parts of the world. They are celebrated in festivals and culinary traditions, particularly in regions known for cherry orchards. In North Eurasia, sweet cherries are cherished not only for their taste but also for their role in cultural and social gatherings. Stories and traditions often revolve around cherry picking and the enjoyment of fresh cherries in the summer.

Growing and Care

16. Planting: Plant sweet cherry trees in early spring or fall. Space standard trees about 6-8 meters (20-26 feet) apart and dwarf varieties 2-4 meters (6-12 feet) apart.

17. Pruning: Prune sweet cherry trees in late winter or early spring to remove dead or diseased branches and to shape the tree. Proper pruning encourages healthy growth and improves light penetration.

18. Fertilization: Apply a balanced fertilizer in early spring to support healthy growth and fruit production. Organic compost or well-rotted manure can also provide necessary nutrients.

19. Pest and Disease Management: Monitor for common pests such as aphids, cherry fruit flies, and fungal diseases like cherry leaf spot. Implement integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to keep trees healthy.

Conclusion

Prunus avium, or sweet cherries, are an excellent choice for Ontario gardeners and growers. Their adaptability to various soil and climate conditions, combined with their numerous health benefits and culinary versatility, make them a valuable addition to any orchard or garden. Sweet cherries not only provide delicious and nutritious fruit but also support local biodiversity and improve soil health. At Lyis Forestry, we recommend sweet cherries for their exceptional qualities and the numerous benefits they bring to both natural and managed environments. Enjoy the rich cultural heritage and sweet, juicy flavor of these beloved cherries in your own garden.

Gathered a bunch of Vishnya from Keyzer Farm Fruit Orchard in Bruce County, from the healthiest trees they had, they are great choice for our area, hardier and lower maintenance than sweet cherries.

Prunus cerasus: Sour Cherries (Vishnya)

Prunus cerasus, commonly known as sour cherries or "Vishnya" in Russian, are a highly valued fruit crop with a rich cultural heritage in North Eurasia. Known for their tart flavor and numerous health benefits, sour cherries are well-suited for cultivation in Ontario, providing both economic and nutritional advantages to local growers and consumers. This hardy fruit tree is a great addition to orchards, gardens, and food forests.

Suitability for Ontario

1. Climate Adaptability: Sour cherries thrive in USDA zones 4-7, making them well-suited to Ontario's climate. They can tolerate cold winters and benefit from a period of dormancy to produce abundant fruit in the growing season.

Growing Conditions

2. Soil Requirements: Sour cherries prefer well-drained, loamy soils with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. They can adapt to various soil types but thrive best in fertile, well-aerated soils.

3. Sunlight: Full sun is essential for optimal growth and fruit production. Plant sour cherries in a location that receives at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily.

4. Watering: Regular watering is crucial, especially during dry spells and the fruiting period. Ensure the soil is consistently moist but not waterlogged.

Characteristics and Benefits

5. Tree Size: Sour cherry trees typically grow to a height of 4-6 meters (13-20 feet) with a similar spread. Dwarf varieties are available, which grow to about 2-3 meters (6-10 feet) and are ideal for smaller gardens.

6. Fruit Description: The trees produce bright red to dark red cherries with a tart flavor. The fruit is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.

Time to Fruiting

7. Fruiting Time:
   • From Seed: Sour cherry trees grown from seed typically take 5-7 years to begin producing fruit. This longer timeline allows the seedling to establish a strong root system and grow to a mature size before fruiting.
   • From Transplants/Grafted Trees: Sour cherry trees typically begin producing fruit 3-5 years after planting. Proper care and optimal growing conditions can help accelerate this process.

Edible Uses and Nutritional Profile

8. Culinary Uses: Sour cherries are versatile in the kitchen. They can be used fresh, frozen, or dried in various recipes, including pies, jams, jellies, sauces, and beverages. Their tart flavor also makes them an excellent choice for making preserves and syrups.

9. Nutritional Value:

   • Vitamins: High in Vitamin C, Vitamin A, and Vitamin K.
   • Minerals: Rich in potassium, magnesium, and iron.
   • Antioxidants: Contains anthocyanins and quercetin, which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
   • Fiber: Provides dietary fiber, supporting digestive health.

Health Benefits

10. Anti-Inflammatory Properties: Sour cherries contain compounds that help reduce inflammation and muscle soreness, making them popular among athletes.

11. Improved Sleep: The natural melatonin content in sour cherries can help improve sleep quality and regulate sleep cycles.

12. Heart Health: Regular consumption of sour cherries may support heart health by reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Traditional Use and Cultural Significance

13. Cultural Heritage: Vishnya has a deep-rooted cultural significance in North Eurasia. For centuries, these tart cherries have been a staple in the diets of many communities, used in traditional dishes, beverages, and desserts. In Russia and surrounding regions, Vishnya is cherished for its unique flavor and health benefits. Sour cherries are often used in traditional recipes such as vareniki (dumplings), kompot (a fruit drink), and various pastries.

14. Loved by Many: The love for Vishnya transcends generations. Stories abound of families gathering to harvest cherries, children eagerly awaiting the first ripe fruits of the season, and the rich aroma of freshly baked cherry pies filling homes. This beloved fruit symbolizes the joys of summer and the warmth of home.

Ecological and Soil Benefits

15. Pollinator Attraction: The white blossoms of sour cherry trees attract bees and other pollinators, supporting local biodiversity and improving fruit set.

16. Soil Improvement: Fallen leaves and fruit add organic matter to the soil, improving its structure and fertility.

Growing and Care

17. Planting: Plant sour cherry trees in early spring or fall. Space standard trees about 5-6 meters (16-20 feet) apart and dwarf varieties 2-3 meters (6-10 feet) apart.

18. Pruning: Prune sour cherry trees in late winter or early spring to remove dead or diseased branches and to shape the tree. Proper pruning encourages healthy growth and improves light penetration.

19. Fertilization: Apply a balanced fertilizer in early spring to support healthy growth and fruit production. Organic compost or well-rotted manure can also provide necessary nutrients.

20. Pest and Disease Management: Monitor for common pests such as aphids, cherry fruit flies, and fungal diseases like cherry leaf spot. Implement integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to keep trees healthy.

Conclusion

Prunus cerasus, or sour cherries (Vishnya), are an excellent choice for Ontario gardeners and growers. Their adaptability to various soil and climate conditions, combined with their numerous health benefits and culinary versatility, make them a valuable addition to any orchard or garden. Sour cherries not only provide delicious and nutritious fruit but also support local biodiversity and improve soil health. At Lyis Forestry, we recommend sour cherries for their exceptional qualities and the numerous benefits they bring to both natural and managed environments. Embrace the rich cultural heritage of Vishnya and enjoy the timeless delight of these cherished cherries.

Here can see my wild cherry tomatoes, they have been growing in the same place for three years now and are looking very healthy and happy.

Fresh hazelnut samples, from the 2023 crop that weren't big enough to plant. They are very delicious, can't buy them this fresh at the store.

Am at the market, stop by to chat, get a free hazelnut sample or to buy some plants!

Sunflower potato greens, known for their nutritious value, can be used in various recipes. Here are some simple and delicious recipes using these greens:

Sautéed Sunflower Potato Greens

Ingredients:

• 3 cups sunflower potato greens, washed and chopped
• 2 tablespoons olive oil or butter
• 1 clove garlic, minced (optional, as per your preference)
• Salt and pepper to taste
• Lemon juice (optional)

Instructions:

1. Heat the olive oil or butter in a large skillet over medium heat.
2. Add the minced garlic (if using) and sauté for about 1 minute until fragrant.
3. Add the sunflower potato greens to the skillet and sauté until they are wilted and tender, about 5-7 minutes.
4. Season with salt and pepper to taste.
5. Optionally, drizzle with a bit of lemon juice before serving.

Sunflower Potato Greens Smoothie

Ingredients:

• 1 cup sunflower potato greens, washed and chopped
• 1 banana
• 1/2 cup frozen berries (such as blueberries or strawberries)
• 1 cup almond milk (or any other milk of your choice)
• 1 tablespoon honey or maple syrup (optional)

Instructions:

1. Place all the ingredients in a blender.
2. Blend until smooth and creamy.
3. Taste and add honey or maple syrup if needed for sweetness.
4. Pour into a glass and enjoy immediately.

Sunflower Potato Greens Salad

Ingredients:

• 2 cups sunflower potato greens, washed and chopped
• 1 cup mixed salad greens
• 1/2 cup cherry tomatoes, halved
• 1/4 cup cucumber, sliced
• 1/4 cup crumbled feta cheese
• 2 tablespoons olive oil
• 1 tablespoon balsamic vinegar
• Salt and pepper to taste

Instructions:

1. In a large bowl, combine sunflower potato greens, mixed salad greens, cherry tomatoes, cucumber, and feta cheese.
2. In a small bowl, whisk together olive oil, balsamic vinegar, salt, and pepper.
3. Drizzle the dressing over the salad and toss gently to combine.
4. Serve immediately.

Sunflower Potato Greens Soup

Ingredients:

• 2 cups sunflower potato greens, washed and chopped
• 1 tablespoon olive oil or butter
• 1 onion, chopped (optional, as per your preference)
• 2 cloves garlic, minced (optional, as per your preference)
• 4 cups vegetable broth
• 1 potato, peeled and diced
• Salt and pepper to taste

Instructions:

1. Heat the olive oil or butter in a large pot over medium heat.
2. Add the onion (if using) and sauté until translucent, about 5 minutes.
3. Add the garlic (if using) and sauté for another minute.
4. Add the vegetable broth and diced potato, and bring to a boil.
5. Reduce the heat and simmer until the potato is tender, about 15 minutes.
6. Add the sunflower potato greens and cook for another 5 minutes until wilted.
7. Season with salt and pepper to taste.
8. Blend the soup with an immersion blender until smooth, if desired.
9. Serve hot.

These recipes will help you incorporate sunflower potato greens into your meals, adding nutrition and flavor.

Sure! Here are a couple of recipes that use a smaller quantity of pumpkin flowers:

Pumpkin Flower Omelette

Ingredients:

• 3-4 pumpkin flowers
• 2 eggs
• 1 tablespoon milk
• Salt and pepper to taste
• 1 tablespoon butter or olive oil

Instructions:

1. Wash the pumpkin flowers and remove the stamens. Roughly chop the flowers.
2. In a bowl, whisk the eggs, milk, salt, and pepper together.
3. Heat butter or olive oil in a skillet over medium heat.
4. Pour the egg mixture into the skillet and cook for a minute.
5. Add the chopped pumpkin flowers on top of the eggs.
6. Cook until the eggs are set, folding the omelette in half.
7. Serve hot.

Pumpkin Flower Tacos

Ingredients:

• 3-4 pumpkin flowers
• 4 small corn tortillas
• 1/2 cup grated cheese (cheddar, mozzarella, or your choice)
• 1/4 cup chopped tomatoes
• 1/4 cup chopped cilantro
• Lime wedges (optional)
• Salt and pepper to taste

Instructions:

1. Wash the pumpkin flowers and remove the stamens. Roughly chop the flowers.
2. Heat a dry skillet over medium heat.
3. Warm the tortillas in the skillet until they are pliable.
4. Divide the chopped pumpkin flowers, cheese, tomatoes, and cilantro among the tortillas.
5. Season with salt and pepper.
6. Fold the tortillas in half and serve with lime wedges if desired.

Pumpkin Flower Bruschetta

Ingredients:

• 3-4 pumpkin flowers
• 4 slices of baguette or crusty bread
• 1 clove garlic, halved
• 2 tablespoons olive oil
• 1/2 cup cherry tomatoes, halved
• Salt and pepper to taste

Instructions:

1. Wash the pumpkin flowers and remove the stamens. Roughly chop the flowers.
2. Toast the bread slices until golden.
3. Rub the toasted bread with the garlic halves.
4. Drizzle with olive oil.
5. Top with chopped pumpkin flowers and cherry tomatoes.
6. Season with salt and pepper.
7. Serve immediately.

These simple recipes are quick to prepare and make good use of a small number of pumpkin flowers.

Calendula flowers can be used in various recipes for their bright color and mild flavor. Here are a few recipes:

Calendula Tea

Ingredients:

• 1 tablespoon dried calendula petals
• 1 cup boiling water
• Honey or lemon (optional)

Instructions:

1. Place dried calendula petals in a teapot or a cup.
2. Pour boiling water over the petals.
3. Cover and let steep for about 10 minutes.
4. Strain and add honey or lemon to taste if desired.

Calendula Salad

Ingredients:

• 2 cups mixed salad greens
• 1/2 cup fresh calendula petals
• 1/2 cup cherry tomatoes, halved
• 1/4 cup cucumber, sliced
• 1/4 cup radishes, sliced
• 2 tablespoons olive oil
• 1 tablespoon balsamic vinegar
• Salt and pepper to taste

Instructions:

1. Combine the salad greens, calendula petals, cherry tomatoes, cucumber, and radishes in a large bowl.
2. Drizzle with olive oil and balsamic vinegar.
3. Season with salt and pepper.
4. Toss gently and serve.

Calendula Infused Oil

Ingredients:

• Fresh or dried calendula petals
• Olive oil (or another carrier oil)

Instructions:

1. Fill a clean, dry jar with calendula petals.
2. Pour olive oil over the petals until they are completely submerged.
3. Seal the jar and place it in a sunny window for 2-4 weeks, shaking it occasionally.
4. Strain the oil through a cheesecloth into a clean jar.
5. Store in a cool, dark place. This infused oil can be used for cooking or as a base for salves and lotions.

Calendula Honey

Ingredients:

• Fresh calendula petals
• Honey

Instructions:

1. Fill a jar halfway with fresh calendula petals.
2. Pour honey over the petals until the jar is full.
3. Stir to remove air bubbles and ensure the petals are fully coated in honey.
4. Seal the jar and let it sit for a few days to a week.
5. Use this honey in tea, on toast, or in other recipes for a floral touch.

These recipes will let you enjoy the beauty and benefits of calendula flowers in various dishes and preparations.

Food Energy

This section will review how much food energy can expect to get from various food forest foods, so you can calculate accordingly.

"40 percent of the Earth’s population lives on protein created by the Haber-Bosch process. Three billion people exist on the chemical basis of artificially fixed nitrogen. Our very cells are the products, not of the green Earth, but of factories boiling ammonia in the grey, industrial deeps of Houston, Yinchuan, and Chennai." From "Empires of Food" by Andrew Rimas

Chemical food production systems are ultimately unsustainable due to limitations of energy resources. So we have to grow our own food with our own nitrogen. That is why it is important to make sure you grow 1:3 nitrogen fixers or ever 1/3 nitrogen fixers. They can be bean producing nitrogen fixers of course.

Many of the examples are for a moderately active 75kg adult male that requires about 13MJ per day or 4.7GJ per year. Most healthy humans would need at or less than that. A 60kg adult female needs 10MJ per day. 3.6GJ per year. A 20kg 5 year old boy needs 7.2MJ per day or 2.6GJ per year. A 35kg 8 year old boy needs 9.8MJ per day, about 3.6GJ per year. 60kg 16 year old boy needs 13MJ per day. So 4.7GJ.

Here is a kJ requirement calculator: https://www.healthier.qld.gov.au/resources/kilojoule-calculator/

Given that information on average a 1/4 hectare of land can yield enough grain, fruit or nuts to feed that male. However that is on average, and you are gonna have some crop losses to animals, disease, and trade, so it is better to alot 1/2 hectare per person. Then you also need lumber or cooking and heating, the minimum is 1 cord a year, so you’ll need another 1/2 hectare for that assuming you use a short rotation coppice. But yeah that’s for a global hectare, and assumes you have a 6 month growing season. You can check your climate to see how many months have an average overall temperature (including daytime And nightitme) of 10C or greater, as a "growing month".

Then the formula is 6/monthsAbove10Celsius to get the size of a global hectare for you. Note this assumes you have at least over 400mm of rainfall per year, and preferably over 600mm. If you have 200mm-600mm you are in arid place where need to grow dry tolerant plants like cacti, dates or pea shrub, chestnuts, or whatever else can grow there, over 600mm and under 1200mm you can grow most things. Over 1200mm you are in need water tolerant stuff. If your area is prone to droughts then have percolating swales, if your area is prone to floods then can have runoff ditches. It is possible to create microclimates which have more or less water with the use of swales to increase amount of water in an area, or ditches to reduce the amount of water in an area.

Ideally you want to store enough to last you a year, though your food forest will produce fruits and tubers at many times of years, generally the staple crop comes in the autumn.

Starchy Staples

Typical yield for most starchy staples is 2 tons per hectare.

A staple needs to provide enough calories and between 6-15% protein. Also a high protein bean can be important for building muscle as rural life includes a bunch of work, like chopping wood, hauling, planting, gathering, repair etc.

Buckwheat is a complete protein with fairly balanced nutrition profile. It is also hardy to zone 2. Calculating how much needed for a years supply.

Buckwheat (13% protein) 100g 1436kJ 1kg 14.36MJ Human kJ requirements for 75kg moderately active male 13MJ per day So need about 330kg of buckwheat groats per year about 4.7GJ of energy.

Chestnuts (7% protein) 100g 939kJ 1kg 9.39MJ 500kg per 4.7GJ (note chestnuts tend to go rancid quickly, can only store a few months in sand until they sprout in spring)

Dried Acorn flesh? (6% protein) 100g 2131kJ 1kg 21.31MJ So 222kg for 4.7GJ

Chickpeas (18% protein) 100g yields 1524kJ 1kg 15.24MJ So 311kg per year ( 4.7GJ)

Fava beans (27% protein) 100g 1428kJ 1kg 14.28MJ So 332kg per year

Grains need a bean cause they incomplete protein. Hard wheat (12% protein) 100g 1432kJ 1kg 14.32MJ 331kg 4.7GJ

Rye (13% protein) 100g 1403kJ 1kg 14.03MJ 338kg 4.7GJ

Oats (15% protein) 100g 1629kJ 1kg 16.29MJ 291kg 4.7GJ

Navy beans (23% protein) 100g 1411kJ 1kg 14.11MJ 336kg 4.7GJ Note navy beans have performance enhancing enzymes

In summary it looks like should aim to store around 330kg per adult, buckwheat baseline. Lets just double check kJ requirements.

Nut Staples

Typical yield for most nuts is 1 ton per hectare, though they also tend to have double the calories as starchy staples.

Hazelnut flesh (8% protein) 100g is 2629kJ 1kg is 26.29MJ So 180kg per year. Note that this is for hazelnut flesh, with shells would be double, since the shells are typically 50% of the weight of the nut.

Pine nuts (7% protein) 100g is 2818kJ 1kg is 28.18MJ so 166kg per 4.7GJ

Walnut flesh (8% protein) 100g 2738kJ 1kg 27.38MJ 173kg 4.7GJ

Pecan flesh (Note is only 5% protein) 100g 2893kJ 1kg 28.93MJ 164kg 4.7GJ

Bark emergency food

Bark has about 334kJ per 100g, but is better than nothing.

here is tutorial on how Finnish/Sami make flour from inner bark

best time is spring when the sap is running, similar to harvesting maple sap. The ideal tree to harvest seems to be one that is about the size of a wrist or a fist in diameter. Taste a sample of the cambium to make sure it tastes good before taking the tree. chop down the tree. strip off the outer layer of bark to expose the cambium. Then skin the cambium off in sections, and put the sections out in the sun to dry. once they are dry and crispy can grind them with a mill, blender, or mortar and pestle.

partial harvest with explanation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4o71vH9-rA

whole tree harvest (old grainy video) including making of birch container. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmyT0pcrywA

Meat

Meat tends to have about half the calories as starchy staples. Most of the calories are in the fat.

Ground venison is 657kJ per 100g.

Ground beef is 804kJ per 100g.

Ground pork is 1101kJ per 100g.

Need 730kg of venison or 593kg of beef to feed a moderately active male for a year.

Compare that to 330kg of buckwheat.

Some people are under the impression that meat is calorie dense, however it is not, the fat of animals is, however most wild land animals have very little fat.

Lard is 3776kJ per 100g.

Ground pork is 1101kJ per 100 grams so still need 431kg of it for a year.

100g salami is 1704kJ because it has significant amounts of lard included. So only need 279kg of salami. But that person will be super stinky. I know from first hand experience. Lol.

Anyways I guess pemican (mix of dehydrated meat and tallow) would be similar. Not sure where would get all that lard/tallow though. Deer are pretty lean. Guess would have to fatten them up first.

Anyways turns out meat is Not a good source of stored calories in general. Though pemican or salami can compare to starchy grains. Nowhere near nuts though.

Protein

Humans needs 6-15% protein, buckwheat is 13% protein.

The minimum protein requirements is generally calculated as two thirds of body weight in kilograms divided by a thousand . So for a 75kg man it is (75*2/3/1000=) 50 grams of protein per day to maintain muscle mass. They may need more if they have a high amount of muscle, or are recovering from physical exertion or injury. No dangerous upper limit is known for healthy individuals.

Though if you consume excess protein, like either more than 15%, or more than 30g in a sitting. Then the excess turns into ammonia, which you have to pee out. It’s basically wasted calories.

That said raw ground venison is 59% protein (21.8g/100g), most you can eat is (30/21.8*100=) 137g per sitting. Venison has 0.657MJ/100g So a moderately active 75kg male (13Mj) would need to eat (roundup(13/(0.657*1.37)) 15 meals a day to not waste calories.

Raw grass fed ground beef is 40% protein (19.9g/100g), most you can eat is 150g per sitting. Less once cooked. So a 75kg male would need to eat 11 meals a day to not waste calories.

Raw ground pork is 27% protein (16.9g/100g) most you can eat is 177g per sitting. Less once cooked. So a 75kg male would need to eat 7 meals a day to not waste calories.

Compare to raw Fava beans, 27% protein (26.1g/100g), so 114g per sitting. Beans have more calories per gram so would need 8 meals a day to not waste calories.

Split peas 25% protein (24.6g/100g), so 121g per sitting. So would need 8 meals a day to not waste calories.

Buckwheat is 13% protein (13.2g/100g), so can eat 227g per sitting, so would need to eat 4 meals a day to not waste calories.

a cup is 170g after it is cooked you have a half litre of buckwheat. So 227g works out to 0.65 Lt of buckwheat.

So really, if you want to consume a large amount of protein in a day, can make snack bars out of meat or beans. Assimilating protein from plant sources does require some vitamin C. 90mg or 0.09g per day is enough. About 11mg per bean protein snack bar.

bean/pea protein snack bars are pretty common.

Your kJ requirements may be lower. So may not need to eat quite as many meals. can check your kJ requirements here: https://www.healthier.qld.gov.au/resources/kilojoule-calculator/

to turn them to MJ just divide the kJ by 1000.

To find out the kJ per 100g of various foods can check https://nutritiondata.self.com/ simply make sure the serving size is set to 100g

Blooming Flowers

One of the most noticeable and important aspects of a healthy food forests is that there are flowers blooming at all times, from when the snow starts to melt, until the snow is on the ground again. Flowers are important for sustaining beneficial insects, such as predatory insects, and pollinators.

Many kinds of predatory insects have larval and nymph stages that eat bugs, wheras the adult stages need nectar or pollen. A good example being wasps, the adult wasps drink nectar, and catch various insects which they feed to their young.

In the spring you will need to use a combination of bulbs and early flowering shrubs and trees. Through the rest of the year you can have a combination of bulbs, herbacious flowers, as well as flowering shrubs and trees.

As a general rule you should be able to see flowers from the location of any food plants when their seed is ripening or their leaves are harvestable. For example if you have apples which are ripening from august-september, then make sure that between the rows you have wild flowers blooming from august-september within sight. That way predatory insects will be able to keep an eye on your apples, and eat any bugs which may be trying to make a home on/in them. Though most importantly you want the flowers blooming when the fruits are ready to harvest, as the pressure from insect populations will be highest at those times, so you need those predatory insects to help out.

While the plant files do contain a flowering time section which can be used for this, it is a general guide and mostly pertains to edible species, wheras many wildflowers are not edible, so you’ll have to keep an eye out in your area for what flowers bloom at what time and plant a full complement of them.

Boom Bust Cycle

Mature forests often synchronize with each other and the plants may become alternate bearing (bearing heavy crops in alternate years, and small crops in others) especially if stressed, the typical cycle is that 2 out of 5 years will be a boom with lots of crop, and 3 out of 5 will have less. One of the main things is to keep your trees healthy and happy in order to reduce the amount of stress they are under, and allowing them to yield more consistently.

Other than providing tender love and care, an important aspect is to reduce herbivore pressure, such as by hunting excess animals during the open season, and by also providing habitat for predators such as fisher (Pekania pennanti) which eat squirrels. Squirrel pressure is one of the main contributing factors to tree stress, since if squirrels over populate they will strip nuts before they are ripe, which interferes with the reproduction of the trees. The trees as a result go into a self preservation mode where they create a famine in the forest to reduce the squirrel population, that way during the next boom cycle there is a chance at least some of the seeds will reach maturity. You can usually tell several months in advance if you will have a boom or bust year by the number of catkins that are produced.

Another aspect to boom bust cycle, is that for certain types of fruit, if they have too many fruit in one year, it will stress the tree and they will produce less the next year. So for those kinds of trees, it is important to take off the extra fruit within 35 days of fruit set, so that you will have a regular year the following year. Alternatively can simply store the boom year crop, and be ready for a low year the following year.

Another thing to note is that some animals such as ruffed grouse use catkins as a food during the winter, and so it is important to keep their populations fairly reasonable as well.

Philanthropy Efforts at Lyis Forestry: Bringing the New Earth to Life

At Lyis Forestry, we believe in the power of trees to transform communities and ecosystems. Our latest philanthropic initiative focuses on sponsoring tree farmers in Kenya, particularly in the Amboseli basin, to cultivate Inga edulis, commonly known as the ice cream bean. This fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing tree is renowned for its drought tolerance and ability to improve soil fertility, making it an ideal choice for the challenging conditions in the region.

Why Inga edulis?

Inga edulis is more than just a tree; it's a symbol of hope and renewal. Known for its:

• Nitrogen Fixation: Enhances soil fertility, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers.
• Drought Tolerance: Thrives in arid conditions, ensuring survival and growth in challenging climates.
• Fast Growth: Provides quick benefits to the environment and local communities.
• Edible Pods: Produces nutritious, sweet-tasting pods that can be consumed and sold, providing an additional source of income.

Our Vision: A New Earth

Lyis Forestry's vision is to create a New Earth—a world where communities thrive in harmony with nature. By introducing Inga edulis to the Amboseli basin, we aim to:

• Combat Desertification: Reduce soil erosion and enhance water retention.
• Improve Livelihoods: Provide sustainable sources of income through agroforestry.
• Enhance Biodiversity: Restore native flora and fauna, creating a balanced ecosystem.
• Promote Food Security: Offer a reliable source of nutritious food for local communities.

Call for Prayers

We invite everyone to join us in this endeavor by offering their prayers and support. Together, we can make a significant impact and help bring about the New Earth. Here is a prayer you can use to support this initiative:

Prayer for the Success of the Inga edulis Project

Heavenly Father,

We come before you with grateful hearts, seeking your blessings upon our efforts to bring new life and hope to the Amboseli basin in Kenya. We ask for your guidance and protection over the farmers who will be planting and nurturing the Inga edulis trees. May these trees grow strong and resilient, enriching the soil and providing sustenance and income for the local communities.

We pray for abundant rainfall without flooding and favorable weather conditions, so the seeds and seedlings we plant may flourish. Bless the land and make it fertile, that it may yield a bountiful harvest and restore the natural balance of the ecosystem.

Lord, we ask for your wisdom and strength for the farmers, that they may overcome any challenges they face. Grant them perseverance and faith, knowing that their hard work will bear fruit and bring about positive change.

We thank you for the opportunity to be stewards of your creation, working towards a New Earth where all can live in harmony with nature. May our efforts inspire others to join in this mission, spreading hope and renewal across the world.

In your holy name, we pray. Amen.

Join Us in Making a Difference

At Lyis Forestry, we are committed to making a lasting impact on the environment and the lives of those we touch. We invite you to join us in prayer and support for the success of our Inga edulis project in Kenya. Together, we can help create a New Earth, where communities thrive, and nature is restored.

Thank you for your continued support and prayers.

With gratitude, The Lyis Forestry Team

I'm at Keady Market today on Schultz. Feel free to stop by for a chat or to get some plants.

The Creeping Thyme is looking good.

Thymus serpyllum: Creeping Thyme

Thymus serpyllum, commonly known as creeping thyme, is a low-growing, aromatic perennial herb native to Europe. It is prized for its dense, mat-forming habit and tiny, fragrant leaves. Creeping thyme is a versatile ground cover that thrives in a variety of garden settings and offers both ornamental and culinary benefits. It is especially well-suited for gardens in Ontario.

Suitability for Ontario

1. Climate Adaptability: Creeping thyme thrives in USDA zones 4-9, making it well-suited to Ontario's climate. It can tolerate cold winters and hot summers, ensuring robust growth throughout the growing season.

Growing Conditions

2. Soil Requirements: Creeping thyme prefers well-drained soils and can adapt to sandy, loamy, or rocky soils. It thrives in slightly acidic to neutral pH levels (6.0-7.5).

3. Sunlight: Full sun is essential for optimal growth and flowering. Plant creeping thyme in a location that receives at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily.

4. Watering: Regular watering is important during the establishment period. Once established, creeping thyme is drought-tolerant and requires minimal watering, making it a low-maintenance option for gardens.

Characteristics and Benefits

5. Plant Size: Creeping thyme typically grows to a height of 5-10 cm (2-4 inches) with a spread of 30-45 cm (12-18 inches). It forms a dense, carpet-like mat that can withstand light foot traffic.

6. Flowers: The plant produces small, pink to purple flowers in mid to late summer. These flowers are highly attractive to pollinators, including bees and butterflies.

Planting Suggestions

1. Ground Cover: Creeping thyme is ideal for use as a ground cover in garden beds, borders, and rock gardens. Its dense growth habit helps suppress weeds and retain soil moisture.

2. Pathways and Walkways: Plant creeping thyme between stepping stones or along pathways. It can tolerate light foot traffic and releases a pleasant fragrance when stepped on.

3. Herb Gardens: Incorporate creeping thyme into herb gardens for its culinary uses and to attract pollinators.

4. Container Gardens: Creeping thyme can be grown in containers or hanging baskets, making it a versatile option for small spaces or urban gardens.

Culinary Uses and Recipe Ideas

7. Culinary Uses: Creeping thyme has a mild, savory flavor that complements a variety of dishes. It can be used fresh or dried in cooking.

Recipe Ideas

1. Herb-Infused Vinegar:

• Ingredients: Fresh creeping thyme sprigs, white wine vinegar.
• Instructions: Place thyme sprigs in a sterilized glass jar. Pour vinegar over the thyme, ensuring the herbs are fully submerged. Seal the jar and store in a cool, dark place for 2-4 weeks. Strain the vinegar into a clean bottle and use in dressings and marinades.

2. Thyme-Infused Olive Oil:

• Ingredients: Fresh creeping thyme sprigs, extra virgin olive oil.
• Instructions: Place thyme sprigs in a sterilized glass bottle. Pour olive oil over the thyme, covering the herbs completely. Seal the bottle and let it infuse in a cool, dark place for 1-2 weeks. Use the infused oil in salads, pasta, and roasted vegetables.

3. Thyme and Lemon Roasted Potatoes:

• Ingredients: Small potatoes, fresh creeping thyme leaves, olive oil, lemon juice, salt, and pepper.
• Instructions: Preheat oven to 200°C (400°F). Cut potatoes into bite-sized pieces. Toss with olive oil, lemon juice, thyme leaves, salt, and pepper. Spread on a baking sheet and roast for 25-30 minutes, or until golden and crispy.

4. Thyme-Infused Honey:

• Ingredients: Fresh creeping thyme sprigs, honey.
• Instructions: Place thyme sprigs in a sterilized jar. Pour honey over the thyme, ensuring the herbs are fully submerged. Seal the jar and let it infuse for 1-2 weeks. Use the thyme-infused honey in teas, drizzled over yogurt, or as a sweetener in recipes.

Additional Benefits

1. Ornamental Value: With its attractive foliage and flowers, creeping thyme adds visual appeal to garden beds, borders, and pathways.

2. Pollinator Support: The flowers attract bees, butterflies, and other beneficial insects, supporting local biodiversity.

3. Low Maintenance: Once established, creeping thyme requires minimal care, making it an excellent choice for low-maintenance gardens.

Conclusion

Thymus serpyllum, or creeping thyme, is a versatile and aromatic herb that offers numerous benefits for Ontario gardeners. Its adaptability to various growing conditions, low maintenance requirements, and culinary versatility make it a valuable addition to any garden. Whether used as a ground cover, in pathways, or in herb gardens, creeping thyme enhances the beauty and functionality of your outdoor space. At Lyis Forestry, we recommend creeping thyme for its exceptional qualities and the numerous benefits it brings to both ornamental and culinary garden settings.

The Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis) is now of a marketable size.

Satureja hortensis: Summer Savory

Satureja hortensis, commonly known as summer savory, is an annual herb prized for its peppery flavor and aromatic qualities. Native to the Mediterranean region, this herb has been cultivated for centuries for its culinary, medicinal, and ornamental uses. It is well-suited for gardens in Ontario, providing a versatile addition to both herb gardens and culinary landscapes.

Suitability for Ontario

1. Climate Adaptability: Summer savory thrives in USDA zones 3-10, making it well-suited to Ontario's climate. It prefers warm summers and can tolerate cooler temperatures, ensuring a robust growth cycle.

Growing Conditions

2. Soil Requirements: Summer savory prefers well-drained, sandy, or loamy soils with a slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.0-7.0). It thrives in soils rich in organic matter.

3. Sunlight: Full sun is essential for optimal growth. Plant summer savory in a location that receives at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily.

4. Watering: Regular watering is important, especially during dry spells. However, ensure the soil is not waterlogged, as summer savory prefers moderately dry conditions once established.

Characteristics and Benefits

5. Plant Size: Summer savory typically grows to a height of 30-50 cm (12-20 inches) with a spread of 20-30 cm (8-12 inches). It has a bushy, upright growth habit with slender, aromatic leaves.

6. Flowers: The plant produces small, white to lilac flowers that bloom in mid to late summer. These flowers are attractive to pollinators, including bees and butterflies.

Edible Uses and Nutritional Profile

7. Culinary Uses: Summer savory is a versatile herb used to flavor a variety of dishes, including meats, beans, vegetables, and soups. Its peppery, slightly spicy flavor complements many savory dishes. It is also a key ingredient in traditional herb blends like Herbes de Provence.

8. Nutritional Value:

   • Vitamins: Rich in vitamins A and C.
   • Minerals: Contains calcium, iron, magnesium, and potassium.
   • Antioxidants: Packed with antioxidants that support overall health.

Medicinal Uses

9. Digestive Aid: Summer savory has been traditionally used to aid digestion and alleviate gastrointestinal discomfort. Its carminative properties help reduce gas and bloating.

10. Antimicrobial Properties: The herb has antimicrobial and antiseptic qualities, making it useful for treating minor cuts and wounds.

Growing and Care

11. Planting: Sow summer savory seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost date or directly in the garden after the danger of frost has passed. Plant seeds 5 mm (1/4 inch) deep in well-prepared soil. Thin seedlings to 15-20 cm (6-8 inches) apart.

12. Fertilization: Summer savory does not require heavy fertilization. A light application of balanced fertilizer or compost at planting time can provide necessary nutrients.

13. Pruning: Pinch back the growing tips to encourage bushier growth and more prolific flowering. Harvest leaves regularly to maintain the plant's shape and promote new growth.

14. Pest and Disease Management: Summer savory is relatively resistant to pests and diseases. Ensure good air circulation and avoid overwatering to prevent fungal issues.

Harvesting and Storage

15. Harvesting: Harvest the leaves and stems as needed throughout the growing season. The flavor is best before the plant flowers, but the leaves remain usable even after blooming.

16. Drying and Storage: To preserve summer savory, hang small bunches upside down in a cool, dry, and dark place until fully dried. Store dried leaves in an airtight container away from light and moisture.

Additional Benefits

17. Ornamental Value: With its attractive foliage and flowers, summer savory adds visual appeal to herb gardens, borders, and containers.

18. Pollinator Support: The flowers attract bees, butterflies, and other beneficial insects, supporting local biodiversity.

Conclusion

Satureja hortensis, or summer savory, is a versatile and aromatic herb that offers numerous benefits for Ontario gardeners and cooks. Its adaptability to various growing conditions, culinary versatility, and medicinal properties make it a valuable addition to any garden. At Lyis Forestry, we recommend summer savory for its exceptional qualities and the numerous benefits it brings to both culinary and ornamental garden settings.

Discovering Optimal Pot Sizes through Fundamental Constants

Summary: Unveiling groundbreaking findings at Lyis Forestry! Our latest research aligns pot sizes with fundamental constants, pinpointing 28 litres as ideal, based on a 30.3 cm unit scaled from the Planck length.

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Introduction

At Lyis Forestry, our commitment to sustainability drives us to blend scientific insight with practical horticulture. Our recent exploration into the scaling of fundamental constants has led to innovative findings that not only enhance our understanding of pot sizes but also align them closely with the natural world. By integrating the golden ratio and other bases with the precision of modern science, we've discovered optimal pot dimensions that could revolutionize plant cultivation.

Methodology

Utilizing advanced computational techniques, we scaled the Planck length using various mathematical bases, focusing on the golden ratio due to its profound significance in nature and design. Our precision is defined by a step of 0.000001 meters, ensuring that our findings are as accurate as scientifically possible.

Key Findings

• Golden Ratio Precision: The scaled measurement from the golden ratio (φ) was an exact match up to our precision step, resulting in a length of approximately 30.3 cm.
• Optimal Pot Volume: When this length is formed into a cube, the resulting volume is about 28 litres, closely aligning with one of the most common pot sizes used in gardening, traditionally recommended for a wide variety of plants, from shrubs to vegetable crops like tomatoes.
• Percentage Differences: Our analysis showed that the golden ratio provided the smallest percentage difference, highlighting its potential for creating harmonious and effective plant containers.

Discussion

The alignment of a 28-litre pot size with fundamental constants not only underscores the relevance of universal mathematical principles in everyday applications but also suggests that there might be an inherent natural preference for these dimensions in plant growth. This finding supports the idea that using pot sizes optimized around such constants can facilitate better growth conditions, potentially leading to healthier plants and more sustainable gardening practices.

Conclusion

Lyis Forestry continues to lead in innovative, science-based horticultural practices by uncovering and applying deep ecological and mathematical insights. Our research into the use of fundamental constants to determine optimal pot sizes exemplifies our dedication to enhancing the interaction between natural processes and human agricultural practices. We invite the community to explore these findings and consider their implications for both commercial and private gardening endeavors.

Visual Representation

To illustrate our findings, we depict a hazelnut shrub thriving in a 28-litre pot, exemplifying the practical application of our research. This visualization not only shows the pot's suitability for such plants but also serves as a testament to the potential benefits of aligning garden practices with scientifically derived insights.

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This write-up is tailored to engage both scientific and general audiences, highlighting the innovative approach of Lyis Forestry in bridging the gap between fundamental science and practical horticulture.

Here is the updated code that uses percentage difference to validate that indeed 30.3cm is the ideal:

// Node.js Script to Scale Up the Planck Length Using Different Bases and Find Most Uniform Measure

const planckLength = 1.616255e-35;  // Planck length in meters
const PHI =  (1 + Math.sqrt(5)) / 2;
const bases = [PHI, 2, Math.E, 3, Math.PI]; // Array of bases including phi

function scalePlanckLength(base, targetLength) {
    let scaleFactor = 1;
    let scaledLength = planckLength;

    while (scaledLength < targetLength) {
        scaleFactor *= base;
        scaledLength = planckLength * scaleFactor;
    }

    // Calculate the percentage difference instead of absolute difference
    let percentageDifference = Math.abs((scaledLength - targetLength) / targetLength);

    return {
        base: base,
        scaledLength: scaledLength,
        scaleFactor: scaleFactor,
        percentageDifference: percentageDifference
    };
}

function findMostUniformMeasure(minTarget, maxTarget, step) {
    let bestMatch = {
        length: 0,
        maxPercentageDifference: Infinity,  // Use max percentage difference for normalization
        details: []
    };

    for (let targetLength = minTarget; targetLength <= maxTarget; targetLength += step) {
        let results = [];
        let currentMaxPercentageDifference = 0;

        bases.forEach(base => {
            const result = scalePlanckLength(base, targetLength);
            results.push(result);
            currentMaxPercentageDifference = Math.max(currentMaxPercentageDifference, result.percentageDifference);
        });

        if (currentMaxPercentageDifference < bestMatch.maxPercentageDifference) {
            bestMatch = {
                length: targetLength,
                maxPercentageDifference: currentMaxPercentageDifference,
                details: results
            };
        }
    }

    return bestMatch;
}

console.log("Finding the most uniform measure:", findMostUniformMeasure(0.001, 2, 0.000001));

module.exports = findMostUniformMeasure;

Transplanted 32 of my best yearlings into bigger pots, these ones are 5x5x15cm. So that they have enough room to grow. Hazelnuts are fast growers, all these are already 50-60cm tall. I will have to charge a little more for them to cover the cost of the new fabric pot, soil and transplanting process, so they will be $20 each. However I still have a some left in the old size at the old price of $17.50 each. Some am shipping for orders soon. Will have to make new Etsy listing for these as they are a differentiated product from the ones in the smaller pots.

Blog Post: Discovering Universal Optimums: How Lyis Forestry Uses Fundamental Constants to Enhance Plant Container Design

Introduction

At Lyis Forestry, our exploration into the fundamentals of physics and traditional measurements has led to groundbreaking insights that we are now applying to enhance our plant container designs. By investigating how constants like the Planck length and the diameter of a proton scale to dimensions akin to historical units of measurement, we have identified sizes that might represent universal optimums for container dimensions.

Methodology

Using advanced computational methods, our team scaled up the Planck length using various mathematical bases—such as the golden ratio (φ), e, and pi (π)—to discover how these constants translate into human-scale measurements. We aimed to see how close we could get to traditional units like the Japanese "shaku" and the ancient "cubit" when these universal constants were expanded.

Results

Our findings were both precise and illuminating:

• Golden Ratio and Shaku Alignment: Scaling the Planck length by the golden ratio yielded a measure of approximately 30.3 cm, astonishingly close to the traditional Japanese shaku. The exact scaled value was 0.303726 meters, with a minuscule difference of 0.000001 meters, which is the limit of precision we pursued.

• Variations Across Other Bases: While other bases did not match the shaku as closely, they approached other traditional lengths:

  • Base e (2.718) scaled to about 32.9 cm.
  • Base π (3.141) brought us to approximately 32.5 cm.

• Proton Diameter Insights: Using the diameter of a proton as a starting point, the scaling results suggested alignments with the cubit, especially when scaled with bases between 2 and 3. The most uniform measure found was around 47.85 cm, with significant implications for our understanding of optimal container sizes.

Discussion

The near-perfect alignment with the shaku when using the golden ratio suggests that there may be a "universal optimum" for certain measurements, which could have profound implications for designing plant containers. By aligning our container sizes with these natural measurements, we can potentially enhance the growth environment for plants, optimizing for factors such as root development and water retention.

Application to Lyis Forestry Products

Incorporating these findings, Lyis Forestry is now innovating our range of plant containers to reflect these universal dimensions. We believe that using containers sized around these natural constants can provide a more harmonious growth environment, possibly leveraging the inherent properties of these fundamental measures to benefit plant health and productivity.

Conclusion

Our journey into the quantum dimensions and historical measures has not only enriched our appreciation for the natural world but has also provided practical applications that enhance our products. Lyis Forestry continues to lead in sustainable and scientifically informed practices, merging ancient wisdom with modern science to benefit our customers and the environment.

Call to Action

We invite other horticultural enthusiasts and professionals to explore how these insights might be applied in their own practices. Join us at Lyis Forestry as we continue to explore the fascinating intersection of nature's fundamental constants and practical horticulture.

Here is the code for the planck length based calculations:

// Node.js Script to Scale Up the Planck Length Using Different Bases and Find Most Uniform Measure

const planckLength = 1.616255e-35;  // Planck length in meters
const PHI =  (1 + Math.sqrt(5)) / 2;
//const bases = [PHI, 2, Math.E, 3, Math.PI, 6, 8, 10, 12, 20, 60]; // Array of bases including phi
const bases = [PHI, 2, Math.E, 3, Math.PI]; // Array of bases including phi

function scalePlanckLength(base, targetLength) {
    let scaleFactor = 1;
    let scaledLength = planckLength;

    while (scaledLength < targetLength) {
        scaleFactor *= base;
        scaledLength = planckLength * scaleFactor;
    }

    return {
        base: base,
        scaledLength: scaledLength,
        scaleFactor: scaleFactor,
        difference: Math.abs(scaledLength - targetLength)
    };
}

function findMostUniformMeasure(minTarget, maxTarget, step) {
    let bestMatch = {
        length: 0,
        maxDifference: Infinity,
        details: []
    };

    for (let targetLength = minTarget; targetLength <= maxTarget; targetLength += step) {
        let results = [];
        let currentMaxDifference = 0;

        bases.forEach(base => {
            const result = scalePlanckLength(base, targetLength);
            results.push(result);
            currentMaxDifference = Math.max(currentMaxDifference, result.difference);
        });

        if (currentMaxDifference < bestMatch.maxDifference) {
            bestMatch = {
                length: targetLength,
                maxDifference: currentMaxDifference,
                details: results
            };
        }
    }

    return bestMatch;
}

console.log("Finding the most uniform measure:", findMostUniformMeasure(0.1, 1, 0.000001));

module.exports = findMostUniformMeasure;

giving results of:

htaf@mriczo:~/Documents$ node planckMeterUniform.js 
Finding the most uniform measure: {
  length: 0.3037259999987125,
  maxDifference: 0.06039038406634417,
  details: [
    {
      base: 1.618033988749895,
      scaledLength: 0.3037266376606602,
      scaleFactor: 1.8791999880010283e+34,
      difference: 6.376619476888834e-7
    },
    {
      base: 2,
      scaledLength: 0.3356830303636483,
      scaleFactor: 2.076918743413931e+34,
      difference: 0.0319570303649358
    },
    {
      base: 2.718281828459045,
      scaledLength: 0.32943819651564205,
      scaleFactor: 2.0382810665126608e+34,
      difference: 0.02571219651692952
    },
    {
      base: 3,
      scaledLength: 0.3641163840650567,
      scaleFactor: 2.2528399544939177e+34,
      difference: 0.06039038406634417
    },
    {
      base: 3.141592653589793,
      scaledLength: 0.32497585669535917,
      scaleFactor: 2.0106719341648387e+34,
      difference: 0.02124985669664664
    }
  ]
}

And here it for the proton based length

const protonDiameter = 0.85e-15;  // Average diameter of a proton in meters
const PHI =  (1 + Math.sqrt(5)) / 2;
//const bases = [PHI, 2, Math.E, 3, Math.PI, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 60]; // Array of bases including phi
const bases = [PHI, 2, Math.E, 3, Math.PI, 6]; // Array of bases including phi

function scaleProtonDiameter(base, targetLength) {
    let scaleFactor = 1;
    let scaledLength = protonDiameter;

    while (scaledLength < targetLength) {
        scaleFactor *= base;
        scaledLength = protonDiameter * scaleFactor;
    }

    return {
        base: base,
        scaledLength: scaledLength,
        scaleFactor: scaleFactor,
        difference: Math.abs(scaledLength - targetLength)
    };
}

// Function to find the most uniform measure using proton diameter
function findMostUniformProtonMeasure(minTarget, maxTarget, step) {
    let bestMatch = {
        length: 0,
        maxDifference: Infinity,
        details: []
    };

    for (let targetLength = minTarget; targetLength <= maxTarget; targetLength += step) {
        let results = [];
        let currentMaxDifference = 0;

        bases.forEach(base => {
            const result = scaleProtonDiameter(base, targetLength);
            results.push(result);
            currentMaxDifference = Math.max(currentMaxDifference, result.difference);
        });

        if (currentMaxDifference < bestMatch.maxDifference) {
            bestMatch = {
                length: targetLength,
                maxDifference: currentMaxDifference,
                details: results
            };
        }
    }

    return bestMatch;
}

console.log("Finding the most uniform measure:", findMostUniformProtonMeasure(0.2, 2, 0.000001));

giving result of

htaf@mriczo:~/Documents$ node protonMeter.js 
Finding the most uniform measure: {
  length: 0.4785069999939362,
  maxDifference: 0.21958893084840014,
  details: [
    {
      base: 1.618033988749895,
      scaledLength: 0.5855195272001404,
      scaleFactor: 688846502588400.5,
      difference: 0.10701252720620424
    },
    {
      base: 2,
      scaledLength: 0.4785074604081152,
      scaleFactor: 562949953421312,
      difference: 4.6041417900433146e-7
    },
    {
      base: 2.718281828459045,
      scaledLength: 0.4959424811483359,
      scaleFactor: 583461742527454,
      difference: 0.01743548115439969
    },
    {
      base: 3,
      scaledLength: 0.5250223868413549,
      scaleFactor: 617673396283947,
      difference: 0.04651538684741874
    },
    {
      base: 3.141592653589793,
      scaledLength: 0.6980959308423363,
      scaleFactor: 821289330402748.6,
      difference: 0.21958893084840014
    },
    {
      base: 6,
      scaledLength: 0.5179557790089216,
      scaleFactor: 609359740010496,
      difference: 0.03944877901498545
    }
  ]
}

Container Size and Plant Care Guide

The formula (e \times h^{\phi}) is used to estimate the appropriate container size for plants, based on their natural growth requirements. Here, (e) is Euler's number (approximately 2.718), (h) is the height of the plant (in meters), and (\phi) is the golden ratio (approximately 1.618). This formula helps ensure that plants have sufficient root space to grow and thrive in containers.

Formula Explanation:

• (e): Euler's number, a mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.718, which helps scale the root space needed for healthy plant growth.
• (h): The height of the plant in meters. As the height increases, the required root space increases.
• (\phi): The golden ratio, approximately 1.618, used to proportionally relate the plant's height to its root space requirements.

The formula calculates the base volume needed for a container, with different multiples of (e) providing guidance on the suitability of containers for various growing conditions and plant management needs.

Container Size and Plant Care Table:

Multiple of (e)	Conditions/Situations	Pruning Needs	Fruit Production	Watering & Fertilization Needs
1e	Dwarfing: Naturally limits the size of the plant due to root space restriction. Suitable for keeping plants small, like indoor figs or ornamental purposes.	No pruning required for size control; natural limitation by root space. Pruning only needed for health and shape.	Minimal to moderate fruit production. Can be improved with intensive care practices like fertigation.	Frequent watering and regular fertilization (fertigation) needed for optimal results.
2e	Growing & Transplanting: Provides enough space for moderate growth while maintaining manageable size. Suitable for plants that will eventually be transplanted.	Minimal pruning for shape and health. Regular pruning may be needed to maintain a smaller size than natural adult size.	Moderate fruit production, enough for smaller yields. Improved with regular care.	Regular watering and fertilization needed but manageable.
3e	Long-Term Container Growth: Provides ample space for root development and stability. Suitable for plants intended to stay in containers for a longer period.	Regular pruning required to manage size and shape, especially if maintaining a smaller size than natural adult size.	Good fruit production, suitable for home use.	Less frequent watering and regular fertilization needed due to more soil volume.
4e	Full Growth Potential in Container: Offers maximum root space and stability. Suitable for plants that are intended to grow to near their full potential within a container.	Regular pruning required to manage size, shape, and promote fruit production.	High fruit production, comparable to in-ground plants.	Minimal watering and regular fertilization needed, as the soil volume retains moisture well.
5e	Extended Growth and Stability: Suitable for very large container-grown plants that need extended root space and enhanced stability.	More frequent pruning required to maintain size, shape, and health, similar to in-ground trees.	Excellent fruit production, nearly matching in-ground yields.	Very infrequent watering and regular fertilization needed, substantial soil volume.
6e	Optimal for Mature Trees in Containers: Offers the highest stability and root space for maintaining health and growth over many years.	Frequent and significant pruning required to manage size and shape, as well as to promote optimal fruit production.	Maximum fruit production, optimal conditions for full potential.	Rare watering and regular fertilization needed, as large soil volume sustains moisture.

Explanation of Usage Conditions with Pruning Needs:

• Dwarfing (1e): The plant's size is naturally limited by the root space in the container, reducing the need for size control pruning. Pruning is only necessary for maintaining plant health and shape. Intensive care practices like fertigation can improve fruit production.
• Growing & Transplanting (2e): Provides moderate growth space and is ideal for plants that will eventually be moved to the ground. Minimal pruning is needed to maintain a smaller size than the natural adult size. Regular watering and fertilization are necessary for moderate fruit yields.
• Long-Term Container Growth (3e): Suitable for plants that will remain in containers for an extended period. Regular pruning is required to manage size and shape, with additional pruning needed to control size if desired. Provides good fruit yields with less frequent watering and regular fertilization.
• Full Growth Potential in Container (4e): Offers ample root space and stability for plants to grow near their full potential within a container. Regular pruning is needed to manage size, shape, and promote fruit production. High fruit production with minimal watering and regular fertilization needs.
• Extended Growth and Stability (5e): Suitable for very large container-grown plants needing extended root space and stability. More frequent pruning is required to maintain size, shape, and health, similar to in-ground trees. Excellent fruit production with very infrequent watering and regular fertilization.
• Optimal for Mature Trees in Containers (6e): Ideal for mature trees that will remain in containers permanently. Frequent and significant pruning is required to manage size and shape, as well as to promote optimal fruit production. Provides maximum fruit production with rare watering and regular fertilization needs.

This table should now more accurately reflect the relationship between container size, pruning needs, fruit production, and watering and fertilization requirements, providing a comprehensive guide for selecting container sizes based on desired plant size and care needs.

My tomato plants are doing well, I have them in 25 litre fabric pots I made with the help of the Pot Calculator. https://lyis.ca/hpotglut/

Here can see the seed leaf still in the seed casing.

Here the pawpaws have managed to get their seed leaves intact, getting more of them out of their shell now.

Fruit Sourness, Tartness, Sweetness Table

Here's an table including fruits, sorted by their sugar-to-acid ratio in ascending order:

Fruit	pH Range	Sugar Content (g/100g)	Acid Content (g/100g)	Sugar-to-Acid Ratio	Taste Profile	Sourness Level	Common Uses
Limes (Citrus aurantiifolia)	2.0-2.4	1.5-2.0	4.5-6.0	0.3-0.4	Tart, acidic, slightly bitter	Very High	Beverages, dressings, marinades
Lemons (Citrus limon)	2.2-2.4	2-3	4.5-6.0	0.5-0.7	Extremely tart, acidic, citrusy	Very High	Beverages, dressings, marinades
Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)	2.7-3.3	3-5	5.0-6.0	0.6-1.0	Very tart, slightly sweet	Very High	Juices, sauces, jams
Rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum)	3.1-3.4	1-2	1.5-2.0	0.5-1.3	Intensely tart, often requires sweetening	Very High	Pies, jams, desserts
Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon)	2.3-2.5	4-5	3.0-3.5	1.3-1.7	Very tart, slight sweetness and bitterness	High	Sauces, juices, baking
Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)	3.5-4.0	8-9	2.5-3.5	2.3-3.6	Tart, slightly sweet	High	Jams, jellies, sauces
Black Currants (Ribes nigrum)	2.9-3.2	6-8	2.0-3.0	2.0-4.0	Tart, slightly sweet	High	Jams, jellies, juices
Red Currants (Ribes rubrum)	2.9-3.1	7-8	2.0-3.0	2.5-4.0	Tart, hint of sweetness	High	Jams, jellies, desserts
Sour Cherries (Prunus cerasus)	3.2-3.4	8-10	1.5-2.5	3-6	Tart, tangy, slightly sweet	High	Pies, jams, sauces, desserts
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)	3.0-3.5	30-40	6.0-8.0	5-6	Intensely tart, sweet undertone	Very High	Cooking, sauces, beverages
Raspberries (Rubus idaeus)	3.2-3.6	4-7	1.0-2.0	4-7	Tart, slightly sweet	Moderate-High	Fresh eating, baking, preserves
Elderberries (Sambucus nigra)	3.6-3.8	7-11	1.0-1.5	7-11	Tart, slightly bitter	Moderate	Syrups, wines, jellies
Plums (Prunus domestica)	2.8-3.9	9-12	1.0-1.5	6-12	Sweet to tart, juicy	Moderate-High	Fresh eating, baking, preserves
Green Apples (Malus domestica, e.g., Granny Smith)	3.3-3.9	10-12	1.0-1.5	7-12	Tart, crisp, slightly sweet	Moderate-High	Fresh eating, baking, salads
Apricots (Prunus armeniaca)	3.3-4.8	9-13	1.0-2.0	5-13	Sweet, slightly tart	Low-Moderate	Fresh eating, baking, preserves
Mulberries (Morus alba)	3.2-3.6	8-10	0.8-1.2	8-12	Sweet, slightly tart	Moderate	Fresh eating, jams, desserts
Grapefruits (Citrus paradisi)	3.0-3.5	7-9	1.0-1.5	6-9	Tart, slightly sweet, sometimes bitter	Moderate-High	Fresh eating, juices, salads
Goji Berries (Lycium barbarum)	3.5-4.0	8-10	0.8-1.2	8-12	Sweet, slightly tart	Low-Moderate	Fresh eating, teas, snacks
Peaches (Prunus persica)	3.4-3.6	8-10	0.5-1.0	10-20	Sweet, juicy	Low	Fresh eating, desserts, preserves
Nectarines (Prunus persica var. nucipersica)	3.9-4.2	8-10	0.5-1.0	10-20	Sweet, juicy	Low	Fresh eating, desserts, preserves
Strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa)	3.0-3.5	4-7	0.5-1.0	8-14	Sweet, slightly tart	Moderate-High	Fresh eating, desserts, jams
Oranges (Citrus sinensis)	3.0-4.0	9-12	0.6-1.0	10-20	Sweet, juicy, slightly tart	Low	Fresh eating, juices, desserts
Sweet Cherries (Prunus avium)	3.8-4.5	12-18	0.6-1.0	12-30	Sweet, juicy	Low	Fresh eating, desserts, jams
Pears (Pyrus communis)	3.5-4.6	9-15	0.2-0.6	15-45	Sweet, juicy, slightly grainy	Low	Fresh eating, desserts, preserves

Can see here my dwarf almond fruit is maturing. This is the first fruit that my dwarf almonds have formed. Seems only one seed this year. May have to get a batch of dwarf almonds and alder seedlings bulk next year, grow them to leaf out in big pots and then sell those. Maybe a good container plant also as they are manageable size.

Here can see a majestic Apios climbing up an old sunflower potato stem from amongst my wild cherry tomatoes. Also have a Moscvich I added to get larger tomato genes hybrizided with the disease resistant of my wild cherries. And the sunflower potatoes in the background.

Chestnuts are starting to look sparse, only 5-10 good ones left at this point. And may want to reserve a couple to have like mature ones to demonstrate. I usually sell my best stuff and keep the ones with cosmetic issues, in the hopes they will resolve later. But I realize that for long term success I gotta keep at least the cream of the crop for Lyis Forestry so that can have good seed stock for later.

The Gem Corn and Popcorn are getting really big. Time to plant for sure. They need rich soil to grow in. I have a bunch planted but not sure they are doing an well as the ones in my pots, as my pots get fertigation. I'm a bit divided on investing too much into them cause last year animals ate almost all the cobs.

The pecans are doing well, these seem to be some of the last of the first years. They were either very popular this year, or not too many germinated. Could have been a bit of both. Also have a few two year olds kicking around in some trays.

The pentaploid hardy potato has gotten big enough to transplant into the big pot. Can see image is after transplanting success.

Your potato plants look healthy and robust, and it's great to hear that you're using fertigation with a balanced formula high in potassium. Here's some guidance on continuing fertigation and transitioning as your plants develop:

Current Fertigation

• Balanced Formula: Continue using your balanced formula with a higher potassium content. Potassium is crucial for tuber development and overall plant health, especially as the plants are flowering and forming tubers.

Fertigation Schedule

1. Flowering Stage: Since your plants are currently flowering, this is a critical period for nutrient uptake, particularly potassium and phosphorus, to support tuber formation. Maintain your current fertigation schedule during this stage.
2. Mid to Late Growth:
   • Frequency: Apply fertigation every 7-10 days. Ensure the soil remains moist but not waterlogged.
   • Concentration: Use the balanced formula at half to three-quarters strength to avoid over-fertilization.

Transitioning Fertigation

1. Post-Flowering (Tuber Formation):

   • Reduce Nitrogen: As tubers start to form, reduce the nitrogen concentration slightly to focus on tuber development rather than leafy growth.
   • Increase Potassium: Continue with the higher potassium formula to support tuber bulking.

2. Maturation Stage (Final Few Weeks):

   • Reduce Frequency: Reduce the fertigation frequency to every 10-14 days.
   • Transition to Watering: Gradually transition to plain watering without fertilizer. This helps the plants use up the remaining nutrients and reduces the risk of nutrient build-up in the soil.

Stopping Fertigation

• 2-3 Weeks Before Harvest: Stop fertigation completely about 2-3 weeks before you plan to harvest. This allows the plants to use up the residual nutrients and can improve the storage quality of the tubers.

Additional Tips

• Monitor Plant Health: Keep an eye on the foliage for signs of nutrient deficiencies or excesses. Yellowing leaves might indicate nitrogen deficiency, while leaf burn or dark spots can indicate over-fertilization.
• Soil Testing: If possible, test the soil periodically to adjust nutrient levels accurately.
• Water Management: Ensure consistent watering, especially during dry spells. Potatoes need consistent moisture but should not be waterlogged.

By following this fertigation and transitioning plan, you should be able to maximize the health and yield of your potato plants. Good luck with your gardening!

Here are some of my beautiful French Fingerling potato flowers.

Your potato plants appear to be in good health based on the photo provided. Here are a few observations and tips regarding the health and nutrition of your potato plants:

Observations:

1. Flowering: The presence of flowers indicates that the plant is maturing and is likely healthy enough to invest energy into reproduction. Flowering is a good sign that the plant is receiving adequate nutrients and water.
2. Leaf Color: The leaves appear to be a healthy green color, which suggests that the plants are not experiencing significant nutrient deficiencies. Healthy leaves are a sign that the plant is photosynthesizing efficiently.
3. Stem Strength: The stems look sturdy and upright, indicating that the plant has good structural integrity and is not suffering from any major diseases or pests.

Potential Nutrient Considerations:

• Nitrogen: Adequate nitrogen is important for leafy growth. If the leaves are a healthy green, the nitrogen levels are likely sufficient. Yellowing leaves can indicate a nitrogen deficiency.
• Phosphorus: Essential for root development and flowering. If your plants are flowering well, they likely have enough phosphorus. Purple or reddish leaf tints can indicate phosphorus deficiency.
• Potassium: Important for overall plant health and disease resistance. Healthy, robust plants with no signs of wilting or browning leaf edges typically have sufficient potassium.

Watering:

• Ensure consistent and adequate watering, especially as the plants are flowering. Potatoes need about 2.5 to 5 cm of water per week. Avoid waterlogging, as potatoes are prone to rot in overly wet soil.

Pests and Diseases:

• Keep an eye out for common potato pests like aphids, Colorado potato beetles, and potato leafhoppers. Regularly inspect the undersides of leaves and the stems for any signs of infestation.
• Check for signs of disease such as blight or scab. Blight can cause dark spots on leaves and stems, while scab appears as rough, corky patches on the tubers.

Mulching:

• Consider mulching around your potato plants to help retain soil moisture, regulate soil temperature, and reduce weed growth. Mulch also helps prevent soil-borne diseases from splashing onto the leaves.

Fertilization:

• If you haven't already, side-dress your plants with a balanced fertilizer or compost. This is particularly beneficial when the plants start to flower, as they need extra nutrients to support tuber formation.

Harvesting:

• Once the flowers bloom, tubers are beginning to form. You can start harvesting "new" potatoes a few weeks after flowering. For full-sized potatoes, wait until the plants begin to die back naturally.

By maintaining these practices and regularly monitoring your plants, you can ensure they stay healthy and productive throughout the growing season.

Found an interesting large species of hoverfly called a drone fly.

The insect in this image appears to be a type of hoverfly, likely from the genus Eristalis. A common species in this genus is Eristalis tenax, also known as the drone fly. Drone flies are similar in size to honeybees and are often seen hovering near flowers or over sidewalks.

Characteristics of Eristalis tenax (Drone Fly):

• Size: Similar to a honeybee, typically around 12-14 mm in length.
• Appearance: They have a bee-like appearance with a dark body and yellowish markings. Their wings are often clear and held out to the sides while hovering.
• Behavior: Drone flies are known for their hovering flight and can often be seen in sunny spots. They are territorial and may chase away other insects of similar size.

Benefits of Drone Flies:

• Pollination: Like other hoverflies, drone flies are important pollinators. They visit a variety of flowers to feed on nectar and pollen.
• Pest Control: The larvae of drone flies, known as rat-tailed maggots, live in stagnant water and help break down organic matter, contributing to the decomposition process.

Encouraging Drone Flies in Your Garden:

• Flowering Plants: Plant a variety of flowers to provide nectar and pollen. Drone flies are particularly attracted to flowers with easy access to nectar.
• Avoiding Pesticides: Reduce or eliminate the use of chemical pesticides to protect these beneficial insects.
• Water Sources: Provide shallow water sources with stones or pebbles for insects to land on.

By understanding and encouraging the presence of beneficial insects like drone flies, you can enhance the ecological health of your food forest. These insects play a vital role in pollination and contribute to the overall balance of the garden ecosystem.

The Marvel of Nature: Hoverfly on Calendula Flower

Date: June 18, 2024

In the vibrant tapestry of a flourishing food forest, the presence of diverse insects plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. Today, let's take a closer look at a fascinating interaction captured in a beautiful photograph: a hoverfly delicately perched on a bright calendula flower.

The Hoverfly: Nature's Unsung Hero

Hoverflies, also known as flower flies or syrphid flies, are often mistaken for bees due to their similar yellow and black coloration. However, they belong to the family Syrphidae and are harmless to humans, lacking the ability to sting. The hoverfly species depicted in this image, likely from the genus Toxomerus, is a common sight in gardens and food forests.

Ecological Benefits:

• Pollination: Adult hoverflies feed on nectar and pollen, making them excellent pollinators. They visit a variety of flowers, contributing to the pollination of many plants, including fruits and vegetables.
• Pest Control: Hoverfly larvae are voracious predators of aphids, thrips, and other soft-bodied pests. By keeping pest populations in check, they help protect crops and ornamental plants from damage.

The Calendula: A Garden Favorite

The calendula, also known as pot marigold, is a beloved garden plant known for its bright orange or yellow blooms. It is not only visually striking but also serves several beneficial purposes in the garden.

Benefits of Calendula:

• Pollinator Attraction: The bright and open flowers of calendula are highly attractive to pollinators like bees, butterflies, and hoverflies. This enhances pollination for other nearby plants.
• Companion Planting: Calendula is known to repel certain pests, making it a valuable companion plant. It can help protect crops such as tomatoes and beans from harmful insects.
• Medicinal Uses: Calendula flowers have been used for centuries in herbal medicine. They are known for their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties and are often used in salves and teas.

How to Encourage Hoverflies and Grow Calendula

Encouraging Hoverflies:

1. Plant Diversity: Grow a variety of flowering plants that provide nectar and pollen throughout the growing season. Some excellent choices include alyssum, dill, yarrow, and, of course, calendula.
2. Avoid Pesticides: Chemical pesticides can harm beneficial insects like hoverflies. Opt for organic or integrated pest management practices to protect these valuable allies.
3. Provide Water Sources: Ensure there are shallow water sources in your garden to help maintain hydration for hoverflies and other beneficial insects.

Growing Calendula:

1. Sunlight: Calendula thrives in full sun but can tolerate partial shade. Ensure it receives at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily.
2. Soil: Plant calendula in well-drained soil. It is not particularly fussy and can grow in a variety of soil types, though it prefers moderately fertile soil.
3. Watering: Keep the soil evenly moist, especially during hot, dry periods. Calendula is somewhat drought-tolerant once established but performs best with regular watering.
4. Deadheading: Regularly remove spent flowers to encourage continuous blooming throughout the season.

Conclusion

The image of a hoverfly on a calendula flower encapsulates the harmony of nature in a well-maintained food forest. By fostering an environment that supports both beneficial insects and diverse plant life, we can create thriving ecosystems that benefit our gardens and the larger environment.

Explore More: Visit our blog for more insights on creating a sustainable and productive food forest, tips on organic gardening, and the fascinating world of beneficial insects. Happy gardening!

Based on its appearance, it is likely a species within the genus Condylostylus. A common species in this genus found in North America is Condylostylus longicornis.

Benefits of Condylostylus longicornis

• Pest Control: These flies are beneficial predators, preying on a variety of small, soft-bodied insects such as aphids, thrips, and mites. By keeping these pest populations in check, they help maintain the health of plants in your food forest.
• Pollination: While their primary benefit is pest control, adult long-legged flies may also contribute to pollination as they visit flowers to feed on nectar.

How to Encourage and Maintain Long-Legged Flies

• Habitat: Maintain a diverse and lush garden environment. Long-legged flies thrive in areas with plenty of vegetation and moisture. Providing a variety of plants and maintaining healthy soil can create an ideal habitat.
• Avoid Pesticides: Chemical pesticides can harm beneficial insects like long-legged flies. Opt for organic or integrated pest management (IPM) practices to protect these natural predators.
• Water Sources: Ensure there are sources of water in your garden, such as shallow dishes with stones for insects to land on, or small ponds. This helps maintain the moisture levels that long-legged flies prefer.
• Flowering Plants: Plant a variety of flowering plants to provide nectar sources for adult flies. Some suitable plants include:
  • Marigolds
  • Alyssum
  • Dill
  • Parsley
  • Yarrow

Interesting Facts

• Metallic Sheen: The metallic green or blue sheen of long-legged flies makes them quite distinctive and attractive. This iridescence is due to microscopic structures on their exoskeleton that reflect light.
• Agile Fliers: Long-legged flies are known for their agility and speed. They can often be seen darting quickly among plants as they hunt for prey.
• Diverse Family: The Dolichopodidae family, to which long-legged flies belong, contains over 7,000 species worldwide, showcasing a wide range of diversity and adaptability.

By highlighting these beneficial aspects and offering tips on how to maintain a supportive environment for long-legged flies, you can provide valuable information to your blog readers about the ecological importance of these fascinating insects in their food forests.

Based on the close-up image, this hoverfly appears to be from the genus Toxomerus. Specifically, it looks similar to Toxomerus marginatus, commonly known as the margined calligrapher.

Toxomerus marginatus is a small hoverfly known for its distinctive markings and its role as a pollinator and aphid predator. These hoverflies are beneficial insects in gardens and agricultural settings, as their larvae feed on aphids and other soft-bodied pests, while the adults visit flowers for nectar and pollen, aiding in pollination.

Encouraging these hoverflies involves planting a variety of flowering plants that provide nectar throughout the growing season, such as marigolds, alyssum, and other small-bloom flowers. Avoiding pesticide use will also help maintain their populations and promote a healthy garden ecosystem.

I'm at Keady Farmers Market if anyone wants to stop by to get some edible plants or for a chat.

The persimmons are doing quite well, with many true leaves, and may be ready for sale as soon as July depending on how much growth they manage to attain.

First PawPaw leaf of the season. Guess the earliest they may be ready for sale is August, otherwise next year. They are much harder to get out of the shell than the persimmons. Probably there must be some technique to optimize leaf out rates.

Here can see a marshmallow that's managed to escape getting eaten by bugs, it's surrounded by thyme and savoury, which seem to be protecting it. But yeah the bugs in my greenhouse seem to all be going for primarily the marshmallows, indicating they must be the best tasting thing in there.

The Calendula's are blooming nicely.

Found official bee of Toronto on my primroses.

Agapostemon virescens: The Green Sweat Bee

Agapostemon virescens, commonly known as the green sweat bee, is a strikingly beautiful and beneficial pollinator native to North America. These bees are easily recognized by their metallic green coloration and play a crucial role in pollinating various wildflowers, garden plants, and crops.

Characteristics

1. Appearance:

   • Females: Entirely metallic green.
   • Males: Metallic green head and thorax with a yellow and black striped abdomen.
   • Size: About 7-13 mm in length.

2. Behavior:

   • Pollination: Actively collect pollen and nectar from a wide range of flowers, making them excellent pollinators.
   • Nesting: Solitary bees that nest in the ground, often in sandy or loose soil.

Habitat and Nesting

3. Natural Habitat: Agapostemon virescens prefer open, sunny areas with plenty of flowers and sandy or well-drained soils for nesting.

4. Nesting Habits: These bees typically dig their nests in bare or lightly vegetated ground. Each female constructs her own nest, which consists of a series of underground tunnels and brood cells.

Creating Habitat for Green Sweat Bees

1. Provide Flowering Plants:

• Plant Diversity: Include a variety of flowering plants that bloom from early spring to late fall to provide a continuous nectar and pollen source.
• Native Plants: Use native plants that are well-adapted to your region, as they are preferred by native pollinators.
• Examples: Wildflowers like asters, goldenrod, sunflowers, coneflowers, and milkweed are great choices.

2. Ground Nesting Sites:

• Bare Soil: Leave patches of bare, well-drained soil in sunny areas. These bees prefer sandy or loose soil for nesting.
• Avoid Mulch: Limit the use of mulch in some garden areas to allow bees to access the soil.

3. Insect Hotels:

• Suitability: While green sweat bees primarily nest in the ground, providing insect hotels can still benefit other solitary bees and beneficial insects.
• Design: Include a variety of materials such as bamboo tubes, drilled wood blocks, and hollow stems. Place the hotel in a sunny, sheltered location.

4. Avoid Pesticides:

• Chemical-Free Gardening: Minimize or eliminate the use of pesticides and herbicides in your garden to create a safe environment for pollinators.
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Use IPM techniques to manage pests with minimal impact on beneficial insects.

5. Water Source:

• Shallow Water: Provide a shallow water source with stones or pebbles for bees to land on and drink.

Additional Tips

• Seasonal Maintenance: Leave plant stems and debris in your garden over the winter to provide habitat for overwintering bees and other beneficial insects.
• Education and Awareness: Educate neighbors and community members about the importance of pollinators and how to create supportive habitats.

By creating a diverse and welcoming environment with ample flowering plants, ground nesting sites, and insect hotels, you can support Agapostemon virescens and other pollinators in your garden, contributing to the health and biodiversity of your local ecosystem.

Oenothera fruticosa: Narrowleaf Sundrops

Oenothera fruticosa, commonly known as narrowleaf sundrops or evening primrose, is a vibrant perennial wildflower native to North America. It is prized for its bright yellow flowers that bloom profusely in late spring to early summer, adding a cheerful splash of color to gardens and landscapes. This hardy plant is well-suited for Ontario gardens and offers several ecological benefits.

Suitability for Ontario

1. Climate Adaptability: Narrowleaf sundrops thrive in USDA zones 4-9, making them well-suited to Ontario's climate. They can withstand cold winters and hot summers, providing reliable growth and blooming in a variety of conditions.

Growing Conditions

2. Soil Requirements: Oenothera fruticosa prefers well-drained soils and can adapt to sandy, loamy, or rocky soils. It thrives in slightly acidic to neutral pH levels (5.5-7.0).

3. Sunlight: Full sun to partial shade is ideal for optimal growth and flowering. Plant sundrops in a location that receives at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily for the best results.

4. Watering: Regular watering is important during the establishment period. Once established, narrowleaf sundrops are drought-tolerant and require only occasional watering, making them low-maintenance.

Characteristics and Benefits

5. Plant Size: Narrowleaf sundrops typically grow to a height of 30-90 cm (1-3 feet) with a spread of 30-45 cm (1-1.5 feet). They form a dense, bushy clump with narrow, lance-shaped leaves.

6. Flowers and Blooming Period: The plant produces bright yellow, four-petaled flowers that bloom from late spring to early summer. The flowers open during the day, attracting a variety of pollinators, including bees and butterflies.

Ecological Benefits

7. Pollinator Attraction: The vibrant flowers of Oenothera fruticosa are a magnet for pollinators, supporting local ecosystems by providing nectar and pollen for bees, butterflies, and other beneficial insects.

8. Wildlife Habitat: In addition to attracting pollinators, the dense foliage of narrowleaf sundrops provides shelter and habitat for various small wildlife species.

Growing and Care

9. Planting: Plant narrowleaf sundrops in early spring or fall. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide and just as deep as the root ball. Space plants about 30-45 cm (1-1.5 feet) apart to allow for proper air circulation and growth.

10. Watering: Keep the soil consistently moist during the establishment period. Once established, water sparingly, as the plant is drought-tolerant and can thrive with minimal watering.

11. Fertilization: Oenothera fruticosa does not require heavy fertilization. A light application of compost in the spring can provide necessary nutrients and support healthy growth.

12. Pruning: Deadhead spent flowers to encourage continued blooming and prevent self-seeding if desired. Cut back the plant in late fall or early spring to maintain a tidy appearance and promote vigorous growth.

13. Pest and Disease Management: Narrowleaf sundrops are relatively resistant to pests and diseases. Regular monitoring and good garden hygiene can help prevent potential issues.

Additional Benefits

14. Ornamental Value: With its bright yellow flowers and neat, bushy habit, narrowleaf sundrops add significant ornamental value to garden beds, borders, and wildflower meadows.

15. Low Maintenance: Once established, Oenothera fruticosa requires minimal care, making it an excellent choice for low-maintenance gardens and naturalized areas.

Conclusion

Oenothera fruticosa, or narrowleaf sundrops, is a hardy and vibrant perennial that brings a burst of color to gardens and landscapes. Its adaptability to various soil types and climates, coupled with its low maintenance requirements, make it a valuable addition to Ontario gardens. With its ability to attract pollinators and provide wildlife habitat, narrowleaf sundrops support local ecosystems while enhancing the beauty of your garden. At Lyis Forestry, we recommend this plant for its exceptional qualities and the numerous benefits it brings to both ornamental and ecological garden settings.

The Hardy potato is doing well, soon will be big enough to transplant into larger container.

Here can see my insect hotel and where the potter wasp resides in it. Made the openings with long auger drill bits.

The dwarf almond fruit is maturing and getting bigger.

Here can see the runner bean flowers. This plant is an early bloomer, I'll have to save seed from it for sure. Hoping the other ones will catch up soon.

The potatos were getting kinda dry so I gave them some more TuberMax. And can see this happy flower in full bloom this morning.

The Naked Pumpkin flowers are getting more mature and beautiful looking.

It's been 24 hours since applying the TuberMax/BloomMax fertilizer mix, and the potato flowers have formed and are beginning to open.

I made a TuberMax or BloomMax fertilizer combo, as I've had all my plants in pre-flowering. And some of my beans have been like in bud stage for like a week. So hopefully with this little potassium push will get the beans, calendulas to bloom, and get my french fingerling potatoes, which I gave too much nitrogen to, to form tubers.

Am at Keady Market, stop by to get some trees or for a chat.

How to Tell if Hazelnuts are Ripe and Why it Matters

Identifying Ripe Hazelnuts:

1. Color of the Husk: When the husks around the nuts turn brown and start to open, the nuts are ripe.
2. Feel of the Nuts: Ripe hazelnuts will feel heavy and firm inside the husk. If the husk is still green, the nut is not ready.
3. Falling Nuts: If you see nuts starting to drop from the tree, this is a sign they are ripe and ready to be picked.

Why Picking Ripe Hazelnuts Matters:

• Weight Increase: Picking hazelnuts when they are fully ripe means they will be heavier. This gives you more nuts to sell and increases your profit.
• Better Quality: Ripe nuts have the best taste and quality, making them more attractive to buyers.
• Storage: Fully ripened nuts store better, meaning they will last longer and reduce waste.

Handling Hazelnuts for Different Buyers

Selling for Seed:

1. Higher Value: You can get more money selling hazelnuts for seed because they need to retain higher moisture content, making them heavier.
2. Contact Buyers Early: Arrange pick-up with seed buyers as soon as possible after harvesting.
3. Short-term Storage: Until buyers arrive, keep the nuts in a cool, slightly moist place. Simple ways to keep them moist include:
   • Damp Cloth: Place the nuts in a container covered with a damp cloth to maintain moisture.
   • Plastic Bags: Store nuts in unsealed plastic bags with a bit of moisture to prevent them from drying out completely.
   • Cooler Environment: Keep the nuts in a cool area, like a cellar or a shaded part of your storage area, to help maintain the right moisture levels.

Selling for Food:

1. Dry the Nuts: After picking, lay the nuts out in a single layer on a screen to dry. Keep them in a warm, dry place, and stir them around every day for 2-4 weeks.
2. Store Properly: Once dry, store the nuts in a cool, dry place to keep them fresh. Shelled nuts should be used within a few weeks or stored in the refrigerator or freezer for up to a year.

Benefits:

• More Product: Heavier, ripe nuts mean more product to sell.
• Higher Quality: Buyers prefer high-quality, ripe nuts.
• Increased Profit: Selling for seed can bring in more money due to the higher moisture content.

By following these steps, you ensure the best harvest and maximize your profits, whether selling for food or seed.

First pumpkin flower of the season.

The Hardy Persimmons are doing really well, Glad to see so many have recovered well from what was at times a difficult birth. Goes to show that with love and care can get your struggling sprouts into healthy seedlings.

Here can see the hardy potatoes have a total of four leaves now. They are really coming along! Glad got at least one sprout this year. Hoping to get a better seed source next year, and getting more than one TPS potato going at a time. Though I should be able to save the seeds from the tubers from this guy, and regrow them next year.

Here can see my wild tomatos, that have been self seeding and reseeding for years in my front yard. You can see they grow quite thickly, and only the best survive. I never think them or prune them, they are immune to like all diseases. But yeah they are a cherry that produces fairly small tomatoes, so I added an indeterminate Roma size tomato above them, a Moscvich, which likewise has hold hardy and disease resistant genes, but I am hoping on increasing the size of the fruit via cross pollination, likewise to get the local naturalization into the Moscvich line, to make like an Owen Sound Roma size indeterminate hopefully.

How Nature's Secrets Help Us Grow Healthier Plants at Lyis Forestry

At Lyis Forestry, we've unlocked a simple formula that helps us determine the best pot sizes for woody trees or shrubs based on their heights, aligning our gardening practices with the fascinating patterns found in nature. Using insights from the golden ratio and Euler's number, this formula ensures each plant has the optimal space to thrive.

Key Insights and Practical Application

We discovered a straightforward rule that connects the height of a woody plant to the size of its pot:

• Formula: Pot size in liters = 2 * Euler's number * (Height in meters raised to the power of the golden ratio).

This can be used directly in programming environments or calculators that support power functions. For example, in JavaScript, you would calculate it like this:

const potSize = 2 * Math.E * Math.pow(height, (1 + Math.sqrt(5)) / 2);

Or in a calculator application like Qalc, you could enter:

2 * exp(1) * (height ^ ((1 + sqrt(5)) / 2))

Background of the Discovery

Our journey began by examining the ideal pot sizes needed for shrubs of varying heights:

• A 16-liter pot is perfect for a 2-meter tall shrub,
• A 40-liter pot suits a 3-meter tall shrub,
• A 75-liter pot is needed for a 5-meter tall shrub.

(As recommended from [Gardening Australia](https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/how-to/selecting-a-tree/9427906)

We wanted to generalize this into a formula that could predict the pot size for any given height.

Scientific Underpinning

By applying logarithmic transformations and linear regression to our empirical data, we identified constants that were strikingly similar to well-known mathematical figures:

• The growth constant resembled the golden ratio, famous for its appearance in nature, art, and architecture.
• The scale factor was close to twice Euler's number, a base rate constant describing continuous growth.

These constants not only fit our data but also connected the growth of shrubs to universal growth phenomena observed in nature.

Using the Formula in Reverse

If you already have a pot and want to know what height of shrub it can accommodate, our formula can be rearranged to:

• Reverse Formula: Maximum height in meters = (Pot size in liters divided by (2 * Euler's number)) raised to the power of (1 divided by the golden ratio).

In practical terms, this might look like the following in a programming or calculation tool:

const maxHeight = Math.pow(potSize / (2 * Math.E), 1 / ((1 + Math.sqrt(5)) / 2));

Or in Qalc:

(potSize / (2 * exp(1))) ^ (1 / ((1 + sqrt(5)) / 2))

Conclusion

In the context of the data, one can surmise 2e gives you a healthy pot size without getting potbound, but can use 1e to see closer to the potbound max height, if you'd like a dwarf woody plant. This formula not only guides our pot size choices but also enhances our understanding of the natural principles that govern plant growth. By adopting this approach, we ensure that each plant at Lyis Forestry is given the environment it needs to flourish, reinforcing our commitment to sustainable and informed gardening practices.

Join us at Lyis Forestry as we continue to explore and harness the mathematical magic of nature to cultivate a healthier, more beautiful world.

Can see this tomato container that I made from landscaping fabric. Remember that the fuzzy side goes inward, so gotta stitch on the fuzzy side. I used a light colored crayon to do the markings, next time will probably do them on the fuzzy side as well, as they don't really wash off. But can see I decided to add handles to this one, which makes it much easier to carry around. And I put a tomato in it, so we'll see how it goes, this is a 25Lt version I made with Lyis Pot Calculator 44cm deep to get that golden ratio size.

For those of you interested in planting your seedlings in containers or pots, I've made a calculator to help you figure out ideal pot shapes. I make my pots by sewing together landscaping fabric. Will make some standardized ones for sale after some experimenting.

Can find it here: https://lyis.ca/hpotglut/

Here can see the size of the Runner beans next to a measuring tape and my hand for scale.

Coccinella californica, commonly known as the California lady beetle, is a vibrant species of ladybird native to the western regions of North America. This species is highly regarded in gardens and agricultural settings due to its efficiency in controlling pest populations, especially aphids and other soft-bodied insects.

Benefits in the Garden:

1. Pest Control: California lady beetles are voracious predators of aphids, mites, and other pests that can damage a wide variety of garden and agricultural crops. By naturally managing these pest populations, they help reduce the need for chemical pesticides, promoting a healthier garden environment.
2. Pollination: While their primary role is not pollination, ladybirds contribute to the pollination process as they move from plant to plant in search of food.
3. Biodiversity: Encouraging the presence of native species like Coccinella californica enhances the biodiversity of garden ecosystems, supporting overall plant health and resilience.

Breeding and Selling for Use in Food Forests:

Breeding:

• Starting a Colony: To breed California lady beetles, begin by establishing a controlled environment with plenty of food sources, such as aphid-infested plants or commercially available aphid cultures.
• Lifecycle Management: Understand and manage the lifecycle of the lady beetles from eggs to larvae, pupae, and adults, ensuring that each stage has optimal conditions for development.
• Habitat Conditions: Maintain humidity and temperature controls to mimic their natural habitat, promoting healthier growth and reproduction.

For Sale:

• Market as Natural Pest Controllers: Market these ladybirds to gardeners and farmers who are interested in organic and sustainable practices. Emphasizing the ecological benefits and effectiveness of lady beetles in controlling pests can attract potential buyers.
• Educational Workshops: Offer workshops or informational sessions on integrating lady beetles into food forests and organic gardens. This helps build a community of informed consumers who are likely to invest in biological pest control solutions.
• Packaging and Distribution: Develop safe and sustainable methods for packaging and transporting lady beetles to ensure they arrive at their new environments in good health.

By promoting the breeding and sale of Coccinella californica, gardeners and farmers can enhance their approaches to natural pest management, contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices and the creation of resilient food forests.

Slowly but surely the banana passionfruit with its three lobed leaves is growing and making it's way to becoming a vine. It's stem is still strong enough to support it's leaves now, but perhaps after it grows some more we'll see it's characteristic vining pattern.

I put the Marshmallows in full sun, and they are liking it, their leaves are starting to get a more mature marshmallow shape. When young they could be easily mistaken for many other plants.

Here can see the Calendula flower fully open. Wheras some varieties of marigolds are grown as ornamentals and are packed with bitter petals, this variety is grown more for edible and viable flowers.

Here can see the fuzzy peach like fruit of the Dwarf Almond beginning to form. This is the first year that I've had successful pollination. Am looking forward to saving the seed and growing some for next year!

Prunus tenella: Dwarf Almond

Prunus tenella, commonly known as the dwarf almond or Russian almond, is a small, deciduous shrub native to Eastern Europe and Asia. This ornamental plant is known for its beautiful, early spring blossoms and its ability to produce edible fruit and seeds. However, the seeds contain cyanogenic compounds and require proper treatment to remove the cyanide before consumption, similar to the process used for bitter almonds.

Suitability for Ontario

1. Climate Adaptability: Dwarf almond thrives in USDA zones 3-7, making it well-suited to Ontario's climate. It can withstand cold winters and is drought-tolerant once established, making it a resilient choice for various garden settings.

Growing Conditions

2. Soil Requirements: Prunus tenella prefers well-drained soils and can adapt to a range of soil types, including sandy, loamy, and even slightly clayey soils. It grows best in slightly acidic to neutral pH levels (6.0-7.0).

3. Sunlight: Full sun is essential for optimal growth and flowering. Plant dwarf almonds in a location that receives at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily.

4. Watering: Regular watering is necessary during the establishment period. Once established, the plant is drought-tolerant but will benefit from occasional deep watering during prolonged dry periods.

Characteristics and Benefits

5. Plant Size: Dwarf almond typically grows to a height of 1-1.5 meters (3-5 feet) and spreads to about 1-1.2 meters (3-4 feet), forming a dense, rounded shrub.

6. Flowers and Fruit: The plant produces beautiful, fragrant pink flowers in early spring, which are highly attractive to pollinators. The flowers are followed by small, edible fruits resembling miniature almonds.

Edible Uses and Nutritional Profile

7. Edible Fruit and Seeds: The fruit of Prunus tenella contains seeds that are similar to almonds. However, the seeds contain cyanogenic compounds and must be treated to remove cyanide before they can be safely consumed. The fruits themselves are edible and can be enjoyed fresh.

Treatment of Seeds

8. Removing Cyanide from Seeds: The seeds of the dwarf almond must be treated to remove cyanide before consumption. Here’s a basic method for preparing the seeds:
   • Harvesting: Collect the seeds from ripe fruits in late summer or early fall.
   • Soaking: Soak the seeds in water for 24-48 hours, changing the water several times. This helps to leach out the cyanogenic compounds.
   • Drying: Spread the soaked seeds on a baking sheet and dry them in a low oven or dehydrator until completely dry. This further reduces the cyanide content.
   • Roasting: Roasting the seeds at a low temperature can help break down any remaining cyanogenic compounds.

Growing and Care

9. Planting: Plant dwarf almond shrubs in early spring or fall. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide and just as deep as the root ball. Space plants about 1-1.2 meters (3-4 feet) apart to allow for proper air circulation and growth.

10. Pruning: Prune the shrubs in late winter or early spring to remove dead or diseased branches and to maintain a desirable shape. Light pruning can also encourage more vigorous flowering.

11. Fertilization: Apply a balanced fertilizer in early spring to support healthy growth. Organic compost or well-rotted manure can also provide necessary nutrients.

12. Pest and Disease Management: Monitor for common pests such as aphids and caterpillars, and diseases like leaf spot and powdery mildew. Implement integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to keep plants healthy.

Additional Benefits

13. Ornamental Value: Dwarf almond is prized for its ornamental qualities. Its early spring flowers add a splash of color to the garden, making it a valuable addition to ornamental borders and landscapes.

14. Wildlife Attraction: The fragrant flowers attract a variety of pollinators, including bees and butterflies, enhancing garden biodiversity.

Conclusion

Prunus tenella, or dwarf almond, is a versatile and ornamental shrub that offers both aesthetic appeal and edible uses. Its adaptability to various soil types and climates, combined with its beautiful spring blossoms, make it a valuable addition to gardens in Ontario. While the seeds require proper treatment to remove cyanide, they can be enjoyed similarly to bitter almonds. At Lyis Forestry, we ensure our dwarf almond shrubs are healthy and ready for planting, providing a unique and beneficial addition to your garden or landscape.

Depicted can see the Antelope Potter Wasp on the hunt for bugs, it's defending the potato plant well.

Creating Habitat for Ancistrocerus antilope: Enhancing Garden Ecosystems

Overview: Ancistrocerus antilope, commonly known as the Antelope Potter Wasp, is a beneficial insect native to regions including Ontario, Canada. These solitary wasps play a crucial role in garden ecosystems, offering natural pest control and contributing to biodiversity. By creating habitats for these wasps, gardeners can enhance the ecological health of their gardens while observing fascinating natural behaviors.

Benefits to the Garden:

1. Natural Pest Control: Ancistrocerus antilope wasps are voracious predators of caterpillars and other small insects, which are common garden pests. By paralyzing these pests and using them to provision their nests, these wasps help manage pest populations naturally, reducing the need for chemical pesticides.
2. Pollination: While primarily hunters, these wasps also visit flowers for nectar. During these visits, they can aid in pollination, helping your garden plants to reproduce and thrive.
3. Biodiversity: Supporting Ancistrocerus antilope contributes to a balanced ecosystem. A diverse array of species in the garden ensures healthier soil, better plant growth, and a more resilient environment.

Creating a Welcoming Habitat:

• Insect Hotels: Provide nesting opportunities by creating insect hotels with drilled holes in logs or blocks of wood. These structures mimic the natural cavities in which these wasps prefer to nest.
• Mud Sources: Since these wasps use mud to construct their nests, ensuring a nearby source of moist clay or mud can encourage them to build in your garden.
• Diverse Planting: Cultivate a variety of flowering plants to provide nectar throughout the growing season. This not only supports your wasps but also attracts other beneficial insects.

Observational Opportunities:

• Ancistrocerus antilope wasps may be observed collecting caterpillars or searching for insects on plant leaves, such as potato leaves, which could explain why you might find them in various parts of your garden. They are likely scouting for food sources to take back to their nests.

Inviting Ancistrocerus antilope into your garden not only helps control unwanted pests but also provides a chance to witness the fascinating life cycle of these solitary wasps. By creating suitable habitats, you contribute to a healthier and more vibrant garden ecosystem.

Here can see the french fingerlings potatoes starting to form flower buds.

Here can see the hardy potato baby forming stretching out into the traditional potato leaf pattern. Starting to form it's first true leaves.

Some beautiful healthy sweet soft chestnuts here.

Here can see the large beans alongside the blooms.

Here is a runner bean ready for sale. It's got blooms, and was sold today. They are just as good sold without blooms, but the blooms do make it more showy.

Here is my market stand from today, was on Schultz street at Keady Market.

Here is my first Calendula bloom.

Got some pictures of the Scarlet Runner Bean Flowers. Enjoy

Runner beans are starting to flower, planning to post them for sale on Etsy

pH buffer calculation

To calculate the exact amounts needed to create a buffer solution that maintains a pH of 6.5, we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

[ \text{pH} = \text{p}K_a + \log\left(\frac{[\text{A}^-]}{[\text{HA}]}\right) ]

Where:

• (\text{pH}) is the desired pH of the buffer solution.
• (\text{p}K_a) is the acid dissociation constant of the weak acid (in this case, monopotassium phosphate, KH₂PO₄).
• ([\text{A}^-]) is the concentration of the conjugate base (potassium bicarbonate, KHCO₃).
• ([\text{HA}]) is the concentration of the weak acid (KH₂PO₄).

Step-by-Step Calculation

1. Identify the pKa values:

   • KH₂PO₄ (monopotassium phosphate) has a pKa₁ of approximately 7.2.
   • KHCO₃ (potassium bicarbonate) has a pKa of approximately 6.1.

2. Set the desired pH:

   • We want a pH of 6.5.

3. Use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to find the ratio of base to acid: [ 6.5 = 7.2 + \log\left(\frac{[\text{KHCO}_3]}{[\text{KH}_2\text{PO}_4]}\right) ]

4. Solve for the ratio: [ 6.5 - 7.2 = \log\left(\frac{[\text{KHCO}_3]}{[\text{KH}_2\text{PO}_4]}\right) ] [ -0.7 = \log\left(\frac{[\text{KHCO}_3]}{[\text{KH}_2\text{PO}_4]}\right) ] [ \frac{[\text{KHCO}_3]}{[\text{KH}_2\text{PO}_4]} = 10^{-0.7} ] [ \frac{[\text{KHCO}_3]}{[\text{KH}_2\text{PO}_4]} \approx 0.20 ]

So, the concentration of KHCO₃ should be about 0.20 times the concentration of KH₂PO₄.

Converting to ppm

Let's assume you want a total buffer concentration of 60 ppm for practical purposes:

1. Calculate the required concentrations:
   • For KH₂PO₄ (acid): [ [\text{KH}_2\text{PO}_4] = \frac{60}{1 + 0.20} \approx 50 \text{ ppm} ]
   • For KHCO₃ (base): [ [\text{KHCO}_3] = 60 \times 0.20 \approx 10 \text{ ppm} ]

Converting ppm to grams per liter

• Molar masses:
  • KH₂PO₄: 136.09 g/mol
  • KHCO₃: 100.12 g/mol

To convert ppm (mg/L) to grams per liter: [ \text{ppm} = \frac{\text{mg}}{\text{L}} ] [ 50 \text{ ppm} = 50 \text{ mg/L} ] [ 10 \text{ ppm} = 10 \text{ mg/L} ]

Preparation Example for 1 Liter

1. Dissolve 50 mg (0.05 g) of KH₂PO₄ in 1 liter of water.
2. Dissolve 10 mg (0.01 g) of KHCO₃ in the same 1 liter of water.

By using these calculations, you can create a buffered solution that should maintain a pH around 6.5 without needing extensive trial and error.

Practical Concentration for Large Volumes

For a 20L bucket:

1. KH₂PO₄: 50 mg/L (\times) 20L = 1000 mg = 1 g
2. KHCO₃: 10 mg/L (\times) 20L = 200 mg = 0.2 g

So, for a 20L bucket, you would need:

• 1 g of KH₂PO₄
• 0.2 g of KHCO₃

Mix these in 20 liters of water to create a buffered solution with a pH of approximately 6.5.

Sure! Let's break down what pKa and the acid dissociation constant mean in practical terms.

What is pKa?

1. Acid Dissociation: When an acid dissolves in water, it can release hydrogen ions (H⁺). The strength of an acid is determined by how easily it releases these H⁺ ions. A strong acid releases most of its H⁺ ions, while a weak acid releases only a few.

2. Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka): This is a numerical value that represents the equilibrium concentration of the acid and its dissociated ions in water. For weak acids, this value is relatively low because they don't release many H⁺ ions.

3. pKa: This is the negative logarithm (base 10) of the acid dissociation constant (Ka). Mathematically, it is represented as: [ \text{pKa} = -\log(\text{Ka}) ] pKa provides a more convenient way to express the acidity of a weak acid. It gives us an idea of the pH at which the acid is half dissociated (i.e., when half of the acid molecules have released their H⁺ ions).

Practical Meaning of pKa

1. pKa and pH: The pKa value tells us about the pH at which a particular acid will start to donate its H⁺ ions. For example, if an acid has a pKa of 6.5, it means that at a pH of 6.5, half of the acid molecules will be dissociated into H⁺ ions and their conjugate base.

2. Buffering Capacity: When you mix an acid (like monopotassium phosphate, KH₂PO₄) with its conjugate base (like potassium bicarbonate, KHCO₃), the solution can resist changes in pH. This is because the acid can donate H⁺ ions when the pH rises, and the base can accept H⁺ ions when the pH drops. The effectiveness of this buffering action is greatest when the pH is close to the pKa value of the acid.

3. Choosing Buffer Components: In practical terms, when you want to maintain a solution at a specific pH, you choose an acid with a pKa value close to that pH. For example, if you want to maintain a pH of 6.5, you would use an acid like monopotassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄) with a pKa near that value.

Example: Using Monopotassium Phosphate (KH₂PO₄)

• KH₂PO₄ has a pKa around 7.2: This means that at pH 7.2, half of the KH₂PO₄ molecules will have donated their H⁺ ions. If you mix KH₂PO₄ with a base like KHCO₃, you create a buffer system.

• Maintaining pH 6.5: Since the pKa is 7.2 and your target pH is 6.5, the solution will have more of the acid form (KH₂PO₄) and less of the conjugate base form (HPO₄²⁻). This ratio helps the solution resist changes in pH around 6.5.

Summary

• pKa gives you a practical way to understand how acidic or basic a substance is.
• pKa value indicates the pH at which an acid is half dissociated.
• Buffer solutions are made using acids and their conjugate bases to maintain a stable pH.
• Choosing the right buffer involves selecting an acid with a pKa close to your desired pH.

In essence, understanding pKa helps you predict and control the pH of your solutions, which is crucial in many practical applications like gardening, hydroponics, and various chemical processes.

Pinus koraiensis: Korean Pine Nut

Pinus koraiensis, commonly known as the Korean pine nut tree, is a valuable and versatile conifer known for its edible seeds (pine nuts) and its adaptability to various climates. This listing is for two-year-old Korean pine nut seedlings, ready to be planted. They are verified hardy to zone 4 and have been bred for their robust growth and nut production.

Suitability for Ontario

1. Climate Adaptability: Korean pine nut trees thrive in USDA zones 4-7, making them well-suited to Ontario's climate. They can tolerate cold winters and cool summers, making them an excellent choice for northern regions.

Growing Conditions

2. Soil Requirements: Korean pine nuts prefer well-drained, fertile soils but can adapt to sandy, loamy, and even heavier clay soils. They thrive in slightly acidic to neutral pH levels (5.5-7.5).

3. Sunlight: Full sun to partial shade is ideal for optimal growth and nut production. Plant trees in a location that receives at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily.

4. Watering: Regular watering is essential, especially during the establishment period. Once established, Korean pine nut trees are relatively drought-tolerant but will benefit from consistent moisture.

Characteristics and Benefits

5. Tree Size: Korean pine nut trees can grow to a height of 9-24 meters (30-80 feet), with a spread of 4.5-9 meters (15-30 feet). They develop a broad, pyramidal shape with dense, dark green needles.

6. Nut Production: The trees produce large, edible pine nuts, which are rich in nutrients and have a delicate, buttery flavor. Pine nuts are typically harvested 8-10 years after planting.

Time to Fruiting

7. Fruiting Time: Korean pine nut trees typically begin producing cones with edible seeds after 8-10 years. Proper care and optimal growing conditions can help accelerate this process.

Pollination

8. Pollination Requirements: Korean pine nuts are wind-pollinated. Having multiple trees can enhance pollination and increase nut yield. It is recommended to plant at least two trees to ensure successful cross-pollination.

Edible Uses and Nutritional Profile

9. Culinary Uses: Pine nuts can be eaten raw, roasted, or used in various culinary applications such as pesto, salads, and baking. They are valued for their rich, buttery flavor and nutritional benefits.

10. Nutritional Value:

• Protein: High in protein, making them a great plant-based protein source.
• Healthy Fats: Rich in unsaturated fats, beneficial for heart health.
• Fiber: Provides dietary fiber, supporting digestive health.
• Vitamins and Minerals: Contains essential vitamins such as Vitamin E, and minerals like magnesium, phosphorus, and zinc.

Growing and Care

11. Planting: These two-year-old seedlings are ready to be planted directly in their pots or transplanted into larger containers or the ground. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide and just as deep as the root ball.

12. Spacing: Space trees about 4.5-9 meters (15-30 feet) apart to allow for adequate air circulation and growth.

13. Fertilization: Apply a balanced fertilizer in early spring. Our seedlings have been well cared for and given nutrients to promote good vigor and disease resistance, including nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, and molybdenum.

14. Pruning: Minimal pruning is needed. Remove any dead or diseased branches to maintain tree health and structure.

15. Pest and Disease Management: Monitor for common pests and diseases such as pine beetles and rust. Implement integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to keep trees healthy.

Shipping and Planting

16. Shipping: As these are live plants, they require quick shipping options to ensure they arrive healthy. Multiple seedlings can be combined in one shipment to reduce shipping costs.

17. Planting Time: Planting can be done throughout the growing season, ensuring the trees establish well before winter.

Conclusion

Pinus koraiensis, or Korean pine nut, is a valuable addition to any garden or landscape. With their edible seeds, adaptability to various soil types, and hardiness to zone 4, these trees offer both aesthetic and practical benefits. At Lyis Forestry, we ensure our seedlings are healthy and ready for planting, providing a head start on your journey to growing your own pine nuts. These two-year-old seedlings will begin to produce cones in 6-8 years, offering a nutritious and delicious harvest for years to come.

Here can see a single two year old korean pine nut. And two of them together, showing that there is some variation in growth habit, some grow up, some branch out.

Our hardy potato has spread it's little leaves and beautiful and shining in the world.

The Manitoba Tomatoes are finally ready for transplanting and sale to those interested in growing them in containers or in the garden.

Solanum lycopersicum: Manitoba Tomato

Solanum lycopersicum, commonly known as the Manitoba tomato, is a highly productive and early-maturing determinate bush-type tomato variety. Developed at the Morden Experimental Farm in Manitoba and introduced in 1956, this heirloom tomato has gained widespread popularity for its adaptability to short growing seasons and extreme cold tolerance, making it an excellent choice for gardeners across North America, especially in Ontario. Lyis Forestry offers potted Manitoba tomato plants ready for your garden or container.

Suitability for Ontario

1. Climate Adaptability: Manitoba tomatoes thrive in USDA zones 3-9, making them well-suited to Ontario's climate. They are particularly favored for their ability to produce fruit early in the season and to tolerate cooler temperatures, which is ideal for regions with shorter growing seasons.

Growing Conditions for Potted Plants

2. Container Size: For optimal growth, Manitoba tomato plants should be grown in containers that are at least 15 cm (6 inches) deep and hold at least 10-15 liters (2.6-4 gallons) of soil. This provides sufficient space for root development and ensures adequate moisture retention.

3. Soil Requirements: Use a high-quality, well-draining potting mix enriched with organic matter. A mix designed for vegetables or tomatoes is ideal. Ensure the soil pH is slightly acidic to neutral (6.0-7.0).

4. Sunlight: Place the containers in a location that receives at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily. Full sun is essential for optimal growth and fruit production.

5. Watering: Water the plants regularly, ensuring the soil remains consistently moist but not waterlogged. Containers can dry out quickly, so frequent watering may be necessary, especially during hot weather. Mulching the surface of the soil can help retain moisture.

Characteristics and Benefits

6. Plant Size: Manitoba tomatoes are determinate bush-type plants, typically growing to a height of 60-90 cm (24-36 inches). This compact growth habit makes them suitable for small gardens and container growing.

7. Fruit Description: The plants produce abundant yields of 3-4 inch (7.5-10 cm) crimson red tomatoes. The fruits are tangy, sweet, and slightly acidic, with a rich and meaty texture, making them perfect for slicing, canning, and sauces.

Time to Maturity

8. Maturity: Manitoba tomatoes are known for their early production, typically maturing in just 60 days from transplanting. This quick turnaround makes them ideal for regions with short growing seasons.

Edible Uses and Nutritional Profile

9. Culinary Uses: Manitoba tomatoes are versatile in the kitchen. They can be used fresh in salads and sandwiches, canned for winter storage, or cooked into sauces and soups. Their rich, meaty texture and balanced flavor profile make them a favorite for various culinary applications.

10. Nutritional Value: Tomatoes are a nutritious addition to the diet, providing:

• Vitamins: High in Vitamin C and Vitamin A.
• Minerals: Rich in potassium.
• Antioxidants: Contains lycopene, a powerful antioxidant linked to numerous health benefits.
• Fiber: Provides dietary fiber, supporting digestive health.

Growing and Care for Potted Plants

11. Planting: Manitoba tomato plants can be transplanted into larger containers after purchase. Ensure the containers are at least 15 cm deep and hold 10-15 liters of soil. Use a high-quality potting mix and ensure proper drainage by adding holes to the bottom of the container if necessary.

12. Spacing: If planting multiple tomato plants in larger containers or garden beds, space them 45-60 cm (18-24 inches) apart to allow for adequate air circulation and growth.

13. Fertilization: Apply a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer every two weeks to support healthy growth and fruit production. Organic options like compost tea or fish emulsion can also provide necessary nutrients.

14. Pruning and Staking: Although Manitoba tomatoes are determinate and do not require extensive pruning, removing the lower leaves and suckers can improve air circulation and reduce disease risk. Staking or caging the plants can help support the weight of the fruit and keep the plants upright.

15. Pest and Disease Management: Monitor for common tomato pests such as aphids, tomato hornworms, and whiteflies. Implement integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to keep pest populations under control. Practice crop rotation and proper spacing to prevent diseases like blight and wilt.

Seed Viability

16. Seed Storage: Tomato seeds will remain viable for up to 5 years if stored in a cool, dark place, ideally between 4 and 10°C (39-50°F). After this period, the germination rate may decline.

Conclusion

Solanum lycopersicum, or the Manitoba tomato, is a reliable and productive variety that offers numerous benefits for Ontario gardeners and growers. Its adaptability to various growing conditions, early maturity, and cold tolerance make it an excellent choice for regions with short growing seasons. The delicious and versatile fruits can be used in a variety of culinary applications, while the plant's compact size makes it suitable for small gardens and containers. At Lyis Forestry, we provide potted Manitoba tomato plants ready for your garden or patio, ensuring you can enjoy their exceptional qualities and numerous benefits throughout the growing season.

The calendula buds are starting to form, soon will be flowering.

The sunflower potatoes are looking healthy and ready for sale. They are very low maintenance and drought tolerant plants, so great for people starting out. With edible leaves and tubers they'll give you salad all growing season, and edible tubers through the winter.

Zea mays: Glass Gem Corn

Zea mays, commonly known as Glass Gem corn, is a stunning and colorful variety of flint corn. This heirloom corn is renowned for its vibrant, glass-like kernels in a spectrum of colors, ranging from ruby red and deep blue to translucent white and brilliant yellow. Originating from Native American breeding, Glass Gem corn is not only visually striking but also versatile in its uses, making it an excellent choice for Ontario gardens.

Suitability for Ontario

1. Climate Adaptability: Glass Gem corn thrives in USDA zones 3-10, making it well-suited to Ontario's climate. It can grow in both cooler and warmer regions, provided it receives adequate sunlight and warmth during the growing season.

Growing Conditions

2. Soil Requirements: Glass Gem corn prefers well-drained, fertile soils with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. The addition of organic matter, such as compost, can enhance soil fertility and structure.

3. Sunlight: Full sun is essential for optimal growth and kernel development. Corn should be planted in a location that receives at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily.

4. Watering: Regular watering is crucial, especially during the germination and tasseling stages. The soil should be kept consistently moist but not waterlogged. Mulching can help retain soil moisture and suppress weeds.

Characteristics and Benefits

5. Plant Size: Glass Gem corn plants typically reach heights of 1.8 to 2.4 meters (6 to 8 feet), depending on growing conditions. The plants are sturdy and can support the weight of multiple ears of corn.

6. Kernel Appearance: The kernels of Glass Gem corn are its most distinctive feature. Each ear can contain a dazzling array of colors, with kernels that look like polished glass beads. This unique appearance makes Glass Gem corn popular for ornamental uses as well as for culinary purposes.

Time to Maturity

7. Maturity: Glass Gem corn typically takes about 100-120 days to reach maturity from planting. The exact timing can vary based on local growing conditions and weather.

Edible Uses and Nutritional Profile

8. Culinary Uses: Glass Gem corn can be used in a variety of culinary applications:

   • Popcorn: The kernels can be dried and popped to make colorful popcorn. Though this particular variety is better for cornmeal.
   • Cornmeal: The dried kernels can be ground into cornmeal for use in baking and cooking.
   • Decorative: Due to its striking appearance, Glass Gem corn is often used for decorative purposes, particularly in fall displays.

9. Nutritional Value: Corn is a nutritious grain that provides:

   • Carbohydrates: A good source of complex carbohydrates, providing sustained energy.
   • Fiber: High in dietary fiber, supporting digestive health.
   • Vitamins: Contains essential vitamins such as Vitamin B and folate.
   • Minerals: Rich in minerals like magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium.

Growing and Care

10. Planting: Direct sow Glass Gem corn seeds in the garden after the danger of frost has passed and the soil has warmed to at least 15°C (59°F). Plant seeds about 2.5 cm (1 inch) deep and space them 20-30 cm (8-12 inches) apart in rows that are 60-90 cm (24-36 inches) apart.

11. Companion Planting: Corn benefits from companion planting with beans and squash, a traditional Native American planting method known as the "Three Sisters." Beans fix nitrogen in the soil, which benefits the corn, while squash provides ground cover to suppress weeds and retain moisture.

12. Fertilization: Apply a balanced fertilizer at planting time and side-dress with additional fertilizer as the plants grow, especially during the tasseling and ear development stages. Organic compost or well-rotted manure can also provide necessary nutrients.

13. Pest and Disease Management: Monitor for common pests such as corn earworms and aphids. Implement integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to keep pest populations under control. Proper spacing and air circulation can help prevent fungal diseases such as corn smut.

Conclusion

Zea mays, or Glass Gem corn, is a visually stunning and versatile variety that offers numerous benefits for Ontario gardeners and growers. Its adaptability to various growing conditions, coupled with its unique and vibrant kernels, makes it a standout choice for both ornamental and culinary uses. Whether grown for its colorful appearance, popped for popcorn, or ground into cornmeal, Glass Gem corn brings a touch of beauty and practicality to any garden. At Lyis Forestry, we recommend Glass Gem corn for its exceptional qualities and the numerous benefits it brings to both home gardens and commercial operations.

The sweet Soft Chestnuts are looking very healthy.

In the image can see the cut sticks with a leaf coming out, those are illinois everbearying mulberry clones. The sticks were soaked in willow water as a root stimulant, and hopefully many of them will manage to develop roots and grow into full size trees.

Morus alba x Morus rubra: The Illinois Everbearing Mulberry

Morus alba x Morus rubra, commonly known as the Illinois Everbearing mulberry, is a hybrid tree that combines the hardiness and adaptability of the white mulberry (Morus alba) with the native genetics of the red mulberry (Morus rubra). This hybrid variety is well-suited to Ontario's climate, offering prolonged fruiting periods and hardy growth, while preserving some of the native red mulberry's characteristics.

Suitability for Ontario

1. Climate Adaptability: The Illinois Everbearing mulberry thrives in USDA zones 4-8, making it well-suited to Ontario's diverse climate conditions. These mulberries can withstand cold winters and warm summers, providing reliable fruit production in various environments.

Growing Conditions

2. Soil Requirements: Illinois Everbearing mulberries prefer well-drained, fertile soils but are quite adaptable and can tolerate a range of soil types, including loamy, sandy, and clay soils. They thrive best in slightly acidic to neutral pH levels (6.0-7.5).

3. Sunlight: Full sun is essential for optimal growth and fruit production. Plant mulberries in a location that receives at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily.

4. Watering: Regular watering is crucial during the establishment period. Once established, mulberries are relatively drought-tolerant but will benefit from consistent moisture, especially during fruiting.

Characteristics and Benefits

5. Tree Size: The Illinois Everbearing mulberry generally reaches 9-12 meters (30-40 feet) in height, with a wide, spreading canopy.

6. Fruiting and Flavor: This variety yields large, juicy, dark purple to black berries. The berries are known for their sweet, rich flavor and are highly prized for their taste and nutritional value. The Illinois Everbearing mulberry is noted for its extended fruiting period, often from early summer to late fall, providing a continuous supply of fresh fruit.

Time to Fruiting

7. Fruiting Time: Illinois Everbearing mulberries often start fruiting as early as 2-3 years after planting, making them an excellent choice for those seeking quicker harvests.

Pollination

8. Self-Pollination: Illinois Everbearing mulberries are self-pollinating, meaning they do not require a different variety to produce fruit. However, having multiple trees can sometimes enhance fruit set and yield.

Edible Uses and Nutritional Profile

9. Culinary Uses: Mulberries are versatile in the kitchen. They can be eaten fresh, dried, or used in various recipes such as pies, jams, jellies, and wines. The berries can also be frozen for later use.

10. Nutritional Value:

• Vitamins: High in Vitamin C and Vitamin K.
• Minerals: Rich in iron, calcium, and potassium.
• Antioxidants: Contains resveratrol and other antioxidants that support overall health.
• Fiber: Provides dietary fiber, aiding in digestion.

Ecological and Soil Benefits

11. Soil Improvement: Mulberries contribute to soil health by adding organic matter through fallen leaves and fruit. This organic matter decomposes, enriching the soil and improving its structure and fertility.

12. Wildlife Habitat: Mulberries provide habitat and food for various wildlife species, including birds, squirrels, and insects. The berries are especially attractive to birds, making mulberry trees a great choice for supporting local biodiversity.

Growing and Care

13. Planting: At Lyis Forestry, we provide potted mulberry trees, which can be planted throughout the growing season. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide and just as deep as the root ball. Space trees about 4.5-6 meters (15-20 feet) apart to allow for adequate air circulation and growth.

14. Pruning: Prune mulberries in late winter or early spring to remove dead or diseased branches and to maintain a desirable shape. Proper pruning encourages healthy growth and improves light penetration.

15. Fertilization: Apply a balanced fertilizer in early spring to support healthy growth. Young trees benefit from additional nitrogen to support vigorous growth, while mature trees may require more potassium and phosphorus to enhance fruit production.

16. Pest and Disease Management: Monitor for common pests such as aphids and caterpillars, and diseases like powdery mildew. Implement integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to keep trees healthy.

Conclusion

Morus alba x Morus rubra, or the Illinois Everbearing mulberry, is an exceptional hybrid variety that offers numerous benefits for Ontario gardeners and growers. Its adaptability to various growing conditions, high productivity, and extended fruiting periods make it a valuable addition to any landscape. The delicious and nutritious berries can be used in a variety of culinary applications, while the trees themselves contribute to soil health and support local wildlife. At Lyis Forestry, we recommend the Illinois Everbearing mulberry for its exceptional qualities and the numerous benefits it brings to both natural and managed environments.

The persimmons are looking healthy and starting to develop their true leaves.

Depicted in centre you can see a white oak that's been growing for 6 months, and has decided to put on a second growth spurt as it is so happy with the growing conditions.

Quercus alba: The White Oak

Quercus alba, commonly known as the white oak, is a majestic and long-lived tree native to North America. A particular variety of white oak, developed through careful selection, combines the large acorn size of the swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor) with the drought tolerance of the bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa). This hybrid makes an excellent choice for various landscape and forestry applications in Ontario.

Suitability for Ontario

1. Climate Adaptability: The white oak is well-suited to USDA zones 3-9, making it adaptable to Ontario's climate. It can tolerate both cold winters and warm summers, thriving in a wide range of environmental conditions.

Growing Conditions

2. Soil Requirements: This variety of white oak is highly adaptable to different soil types. It prefers well-drained soils but can grow in both dry and moist conditions, combining the swamp white oak's tolerance for wetter soils with the bur oak's resilience in drier areas.

3. Sunlight: Full sun is essential for optimal growth and acorn production. Plant white oaks in a location where they receive at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily.

4. Watering: Regular watering is crucial during the first few years after planting to help establish a strong root system. Once established, white oaks are relatively drought-tolerant but will benefit from occasional deep watering during prolonged dry periods.

Characteristics and Benefits

5. Tree Size: White oaks can grow to a height of 18-30 meters (60-100 feet) with a similar spread, developing a broad, rounded canopy. They are known for their strong, durable wood and attractive, lobed leaves.

6. Acorn Production: This hybrid white oak produces large acorns, similar in size to those of the swamp white oak. The acorns are a valuable food source for wildlife and can be used to make acorn flour for human consumption.

Time to Fruiting

7. Fruiting Time: White oaks typically begin producing acorns at around 20-30 years of age. However, significant acorn production often starts after 50 years. Proper care and optimal growing conditions can help accelerate this process.

Edible Uses

8. Acorn Flour Preparation: Acorns from white oaks can be harvested and processed into flour, a traditional food source rich in nutrients. Here’s a basic method for preparing acorn flour:
   • Harvesting: Collect acorns in the fall when they drop from the tree. Remove the caps and discard any acorns with holes or signs of mold.
   • Shelling: Crack open the acorns using a nutcracker or hammer. Remove the kernels and discard the shells.
   • Leaching: Acorn kernels contain tannins, which must be leached out to make them palatable. Crush the kernels and soak them in water, changing the water several times a day until it no longer tastes bitter (this process can take several days).
   • Drying: Once leached, spread the acorn pieces on a baking sheet and dry them in a low oven or dehydrator until completely dry.
   • Grinding: Grind the dried acorn pieces into a fine flour using a food processor or grain mill. Store the flour in an airtight container.

Nutritional Profile of Acorn Flour

• Carbohydrates: A good source of complex carbohydrates, providing sustained energy.
• Protein: Contains protein, making it a nutritious addition to various dishes.
• Fiber: High in dietary fiber, supporting digestive health.
• Vitamins and Minerals: Rich in vitamins such as Vitamin B and essential minerals like magnesium and potassium.

Ecological and Soil Benefits

9. Soil Improvement: White oaks contribute to soil health by adding organic matter through leaf and acorn litter. This organic matter decomposes, enriching the soil and improving its structure and fertility.

10. Wildlife Habitat: White oaks provide habitat and food for various wildlife species, including birds, squirrels, and deer. The large acorns are particularly valuable as a food source for many animals.

Growing and Care

11. Planting: At Lyis Forestry, we provide potted white oak trees, which can be planted throughout the growing season. Ensure the planting hole is twice as wide and just as deep as the root ball. Space trees about 12-15 meters (40-50 feet) apart to allow for adequate air circulation and growth.

12. Pruning: Prune white oaks in late winter to remove dead or diseased branches and to maintain a strong central leader. Proper pruning encourages healthy growth and improves light penetration.

13. Fertilization: Apply a balanced fertilizer in early spring to support healthy growth. Young trees benefit from additional nitrogen to support vigorous growth, while mature trees may require more potassium and phosphorus to enhance acorn production.

14. Pest and Disease Management: Monitor for common pests and diseases such as oak wilt, aphids, and caterpillars. Implement integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to keep trees healthy.

Conclusion

Quercus alba, or white oak, with its hybrid qualities of large acorns and drought tolerance, is a valuable addition to landscapes and forests in Ontario. Its adaptability to various soil conditions, combined with its long lifespan and ecological benefits, make it an excellent choice for enhancing biodiversity and soil health. The large acorns can be harvested and processed into nutritious flour, adding to the tree's versatility. At Lyis Forestry, we recommend this variety for its exceptional qualities and the numerous benefits it brings to both natural and managed environments.

Here are two hazelnut yearlings.

Here is a 2 year old hazelnut that I sold today. Can see a bunch more peeking out in the greenhouse.

Here is my Honey locust tray with a close up of the leaves.

Here can see a 2 year old honey locust in its full spring splendour.

This table goes to show that storing energy as oil, carbs and proteins is more energy dense than just about anything technology has made.

Here is table with energy densities in both MJ/kg and MJ/liter:

Energy Source	Energy Density (MJ/kg)	Energy Density (MJ/liter)
Lithium-Air Batteries	Approximately 5.2 MJ/kg	N/A
Lithium-Sulfur Batteries	Approximately 1.8 MJ/kg	N/A
Lithium-Ion Batteries	0.54 - 0.97 MJ/kg	N/A
Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) Batteries	0.22 - 0.43 MJ/kg	N/A
Sodium-Sulfur (NaS) Batteries	0.54 - 0.86 MJ/kg	N/A
Lead-Acid Batteries	0.11 - 0.18 MJ/kg	N/A
Human Body Fat	Approximately 38.9 MJ/kg	N/A
Carbohydrates	Approximately 17 MJ/kg	N/A
Proteins	Approximately 17 MJ/kg	N/A
Wood (average)	Approximately 15 MJ/kg	N/A
Syngas (depending on composition)	10 - 20 MJ/kg	0.5 - 2 MJ/liter
Diesel	Approximately 45.5 MJ/kg	35.8 MJ/liter
Gasoline	Approximately 46.4 MJ/kg	34.2 MJ/liter
Thorium	Approximately 79,410,000 MJ/kg	N/A
Uranium	Approximately 79,000,000 MJ/kg	N/A
Hydrogen	120 - 142 MJ/kg	10.1 MJ/liter (liquid)
Natural Gas	50 - 55 MJ/kg	0.036 MJ/liter (gas)
Coal	24 - 35 MJ/kg	N/A
Ethanol	Approximately 26.8 MJ/kg	21.1 MJ/liter
Biodiesel	Approximately 37.8 MJ/kg	33 MJ/liter
Ammonia	Approximately 18.6 MJ/kg	11.5 MJ/liter

Notes:

• N/A indicates that the energy density is not typically measured in MJ/liter for that particular form or type of storage medium.
• The values for gases like hydrogen and natural gas are given for their liquid or highly compressed forms, which are common for storage purposes.
• For liquid fuels (diesel, gasoline, ethanol, biodiesel), MJ/liter values are based on typical densities of these liquids at standard conditions.

The marshmallow plants are getting taller. May need to put this tray into more sun, as they may be getting leggy from getting shaded out by neighbouring plants.

My banana passionflower seem to be doing fairly well, they are getting longer and have second set of true leaves now, and I've staked them so they can get growing. They will probably produce first fruit next year, and then I can make clones so people can grow them like annuals that produce fruit in the summer through autumn. Also I'll definitely grow some from seed once I get it fruiting and producing seed, second generation will be more naturalized certainly. And then can start working on making them more hardy, adaptable to polyculture etc, once I have more of them to work with.

The food forest scarlet runner beans are getting bigger, and are starting to form flower buds, I've transplanted them into larger pots and staked them as well.

The naked bear pumpkins are doing well, I re-potted them into larger 5cm pots today. They are already starting to form flower buds.

Cucurbita pepo var. pepo: Naked Bear Hybrid Pumpkin

Cucurbita pepo var. pepo, commonly known as a pumpkin, this is the Naked Bear Hybrid pumpkin variety. This hybrid is specifically developed to produce an abundance of hulless seeds and a delicious flesh that is ideal for culinary uses such as pumpkin pies. The Naked Bear Hybrid pumpkin excels in both the edible seed market and as a pie pumpkin, making it a valuable addition to gardens and farms in Ontario.

Suitability for Ontario

1. Climate Adaptability: The Naked Bear Hybrid pumpkin thrives in USDA zones 3-9, making it well-suited to Ontario's diverse climate conditions. It can withstand cooler temperatures and has a relatively short growing season of about 105 days, which is ideal for regions with shorter summers.

Growing Conditions

2. Soil Requirements: This pumpkin variety prefers well-drained, fertile soils with a pH between 6.0 and 6.8. It benefits from soil that is rich in organic matter, which helps retain moisture and provides essential nutrients.

3. Sunlight: Full sun is essential for optimal growth and fruit production. Plant pumpkins in a location that receives at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily.

4. Watering: Regular watering is crucial, especially during the fruiting stage. The soil should be kept consistently moist but not waterlogged. Mulching around the plants can help retain soil moisture and reduce weed growth.

Characteristics and Benefits

5. Fruit Description: The Naked Bear Hybrid pumpkin produces slightly flattened globe-shaped fruits that weigh between 2-3 pounds each. The rind is light orange with gold flecks, giving it a distinctive appearance.

6. Flesh and Flavor: The thick, meaty flesh of the pumpkin has a sweet, nutty taste, making it excellent for pies and other culinary uses. The flavor profile is versatile, enhancing both sweet and savory dishes.

7. Edible Hulless Seeds: One of the standout features of this variety is its hulless seeds. These seeds are plump and can be eaten raw, roasted, or pressed for oil. They offer a nutritious snack high in healthy fats, protein, and essential minerals.

Nutritional Profile of Seeds

• Protein: High in protein, making them a great plant-based protein source.
• Healthy Fats: Rich in unsaturated fats, beneficial for heart health.
• Fiber: Provides dietary fiber, supporting digestive health.
• Vitamins and Minerals: Contains essential vitamins such as Vitamin E, and minerals like magnesium and zinc.

Plant Growth and Yield

8. Vine Growth: The Naked Bear Hybrid produces vigorous vines that can spread extensively. Ensure ample space for the vines to grow and support fruit development.

9. Fruit Set: This variety is known for its concentrated sets of fruits, typically producing multiple pumpkins per vine. This high productivity makes it an excellent choice for both home gardeners and commercial growers.

10. Powdery Mildew Tolerance: The Naked Bear Hybrid has demonstrated tolerance to powdery mildew (PM), a common fungal disease that affects many cucurbit plants. This resistance helps maintain plant health and productivity throughout the growing season.

Growing and Care

11. Planting: Direct sow seeds in the garden after the danger of frost has passed and the soil has warmed to at least 21°C (70°F). Alternatively, start seeds indoors 3-4 weeks before the last frost date and transplant seedlings outdoors when the weather is suitable.

12. Spacing: Space plants about 1.5-2 meters (5-6 feet) apart in rows that are 2-3 meters (6-10 feet) apart to allow for vine growth and proper air circulation.

13. Fertilization: Apply a balanced fertilizer at planting time and side-dress with additional fertilizer as the plants begin to flower and set fruit. Organic compost or well-rotted manure can also provide necessary nutrients.

14. Pest and Disease Management: Regularly monitor plants for common pests such as squash bugs and cucumber beetles. Use integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to keep pest populations under control.

Conclusion

Cucurbita pepo var. pepo, or the Naked Bear Hybrid pumpkin, is a versatile and productive variety that offers numerous benefits for Ontario gardeners and growers. Its unique combination of hulless seeds and flavorful flesh makes it suitable for both the edible seed market and culinary uses. With its adaptability to various growing conditions, high productivity, and disease resistance, the Naked Bear Hybrid is an excellent choice for those looking to grow pumpkins that provide both aesthetic appeal and nutritional value. At Lyis Forestry, we recommend this variety for its exceptional qualities and the numerous benefits it brings to both home gardens and commercial operations.

These are some of my favourite flowers as they are so easy to grow, doing well in a polyculture and have such a long blooming period from May to July, and are great for pollinators, mostly small insects and native bees. They are fairly abundant in our area, but I may provide some seeds for ones from my food forest.

Hesperis matronalis: Dame's Violet

Hesperis matronalis, commonly known as dame's violet or sweet rocket, is a biennial or short-lived perennial plant native to Europe and Asia. It has naturalized in North America and is well-suited to gardens in Ontario. Known for its fragrant, showy flowers and long blooming period from May to July, dame's violet is a valuable addition to any garden, offering benefits for pollinators and aesthetic appeal.

Suitability for Ontario

1. Climate Adaptability: Dame's violet thrives in USDA zones 3-9, making it well-suited to the diverse climate conditions found in Ontario. It can tolerate both cold winters and warm summers, making it a versatile choice for many gardens.

Growing Conditions

2. Soil Requirements: Hesperis matronalis prefers well-drained, fertile soils but can adapt to a variety of soil types, including sandy and loamy soils. A slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.0-7.0) is ideal.

3. Sunlight: Dame's violet grows well in full sun to partial shade. In hotter climates, partial shade is beneficial to protect the plant from the intense midday sun.

4. Watering: Regular watering is important, especially during dry spells. The soil should be kept moist but not waterlogged. Mulching can help retain soil moisture and keep the roots cool.

Characteristics and Benefits

5. Long Blooming Period: Dame's violet is known for its long flowering period, typically blooming from late spring to early summer. The flowers are often fragrant, especially in the evening, adding sensory appeal to the garden.

6. Flower Appearance: The flowers of dame's violet are usually purple, pink, or white and grow in loose clusters. Each flower has four petals, giving them a distinctive cross-like shape.

Benefits to Pollinators

7. Pollinator Attraction: The fragrant flowers of Hesperis matronalis attract a variety of pollinators, including bees, butterflies, and moths. By planting dame's violet, gardeners can support local pollinator populations, enhancing garden biodiversity and ecosystem health.

Additional Uses

8. Ornamental Value: Dame's violet is prized for its ornamental qualities. Its tall, slender stems and colorful flower clusters make it a striking addition to flower beds, borders, and naturalized areas.

9. Cut Flowers: The long stems and fragrant blooms make dame's violet an excellent choice for cut flower arrangements. The flowers can add color and scent to indoor displays.

10. Edible Uses: While not commonly used, the young leaves of dame's violet can be eaten raw or cooked. They have a slightly bitter taste and can be used in salads or as a potherb. The flowers can also be used as a garnish.

11. Medicinal Uses: Traditionally, parts of the plant have been used in herbal medicine, though it is not widely known for medicinal properties. Always consult with a professional before using any plant for medicinal purposes.

Growing and Care

12. Planting: Sow seeds in early spring or fall. If planting in the spring, start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost date and transplant seedlings outdoors after the danger of frost has passed. Space plants about 30-45 cm (12-18 inches) apart to allow for proper air circulation.

13. Maintenance: Dame's violet is relatively low-maintenance. Deadhead spent flowers to encourage continued blooming and prevent self-seeding if desired. Cut back plants after flowering to tidy up the garden.

14. Pest and Disease Management: Dame's violet is generally resistant to pests and diseases but can occasionally suffer from powdery mildew or aphids. Regular monitoring and maintaining good garden hygiene can help prevent these issues.

Conclusion

Hesperis matronalis, or dame's violet, is a versatile and beneficial plant for gardens in Ontario. Its long flowering period, attractive and fragrant blooms, and benefits to pollinators make it a valuable addition to any landscape. Suitable for a range of soil types and growing conditions, dame's violet can enhance the beauty and ecological health of gardens. Whether used for its ornamental value, as a cut flower, or for its potential edible and medicinal uses, dame's violet offers a range of benefits that make it a worthwhile investment for gardeners in Ontario.

Here are the Osage Orange, they are getting their second sets of true leaves. These are the ones from this year, I also have some from last year which are farther along and have already developed their thorns.

Can see a baby pecan getting it's first true leaves in the image.

Carya illinoinensis: Ultra-Northern Hardy Pecans

Carya illinoinensis, commonly known as the pecan tree, is native to the southern United States. However, ultra-northern hardy varieties of pecan trees have been developed to thrive in cooler climates, making them a viable option for cultivation in Ontario. These pecan trees are valued for their delicious nuts, which are a nutritious and versatile food source, as well as their hardiness and adaptability to northern climates.

Suitability for Ontario

1. Climate Adaptability: Ultra-northern hardy pecans are specifically bred to withstand colder climates, thriving in USDA zones 5-8. This makes them well-suited to the climate conditions in Ontario, where they can endure cold winters and late spring frosts.

Growing Conditions

2. Soil Requirements: Pecan trees prefer deep, well-drained, fertile soils with a pH range of 6.0-7.5. They do best in loamy soils but can adapt to sandy or clay soils with proper soil management and amendments.

3. Sunlight: Full sun is essential for optimal growth and nut production. Pecan trees should be planted in a location where they receive at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily.

4. Watering: Regular watering is crucial, especially during the first few years after planting. Once established, pecan trees are relatively drought-tolerant but will produce better with consistent moisture.

Characteristics and Benefits

5. Tree Size: Ultra-northern hardy pecan trees can grow to a height of 15-30 meters (50-100 feet) with a similar spread. They have a long lifespan, often living and producing nuts for over 100 years.

6. Nut Production: Pecan trees typically begin producing nuts in 6-10 years when grown from seed, and sooner if grafted. The nuts are encased in a hard shell and are known for their rich, buttery flavor.

Edible Uses

7. Nutritional Profile: Pecans are highly nutritious, offering a good source of healthy fats, protein, fiber, and essential vitamins and minerals. They are particularly rich in:

   • Monounsaturated Fats: Heart-healthy fats that can help reduce bad cholesterol levels.
   • Protein: Essential for muscle repair and growth.
   • Fiber: Supports digestive health.
   • Vitamins: High in vitamins E and B-complex.
   • Minerals: Rich in magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, and manganese.

8. Culinary Uses: Pecans are versatile in the kitchen. They can be eaten raw, roasted, or used in a variety of recipes, including pies, salads, baked goods, and savory dishes. Pecan oil is also used in cooking for its mild flavor and high smoke point.

Ecological and Soil Benefits

9. Soil Improvement: Pecan trees contribute to soil health by adding organic matter through leaf and nut litter. This organic matter decomposes and enriches the soil, improving its structure and fertility.

10. Wildlife Habitat: Pecan trees provide habitat and food for various wildlife species, including birds, squirrels, and other small mammals that feed on the nuts.

Growing and Care

11. Planting: Plant pecan trees in early spring or fall. Space trees about 12-15 meters (40-50 feet) apart to allow for adequate air circulation and growth.

12. Pruning: Prune pecan trees in late winter to remove dead or diseased branches and to maintain a strong central leader. Proper pruning encourages healthy growth and improves light penetration.

13. Fertilization: Apply a balanced fertilizer in early spring. Young trees benefit from additional nitrogen to support vigorous growth, while mature trees may require more potassium and phosphorus to enhance nut production.

14. Pest and Disease Management: Monitor for common pests such as pecan weevils and aphids, and diseases like pecan scab. Implement integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to keep trees healthy.

Conclusion

Carya illinoinensis, or ultra-northern hardy pecans, are a valuable addition to orchards and landscapes in Ontario. These trees offer delicious and nutritious nuts, along with ecological benefits such as soil improvement and wildlife habitat. Their adaptability to northern climates, combined with proper care and optimal growing conditions, ensures a successful and productive addition to any garden or orchard. Whether grown for their edible nuts or their ornamental value, ultra-northern hardy pecans provide a range of benefits that make them a worthwhile investment for gardeners and orchardists in Ontario.

Here can see the Purple Cone Flower Echinaceas are getting along, got their second set of true leaves.

The prairie mimosas are looking pretty well with multiple sets of true leaves now.

Here are some persimmons leafing out, though they may be pawpaws, will know more when the true leaves finish forming.

So here I removed what is clearly a PawPaw seed off the one second from the bottom, and second from the right, the leaf is yellow as it has never seen the light before.
Next year I'll have to put the persimmons and the pawpaws in different containers, as they look so darn similar when young. But can see some that are open in the bottom and leafing out, when they have their true leaves hopefully will be able to differentiate the pawpaws and persimmons. Also can see the serrated hazelnut leaf to the left. Can notice the one at the top has some black on it's leaves, and one to the side as well, that is like rot or fungal issue, which is due to having had very long cold stratification in humid bag, it basically goes to show it can be difficult to go from seed to plant as there are like losses at each stage, germination, sprouting, leafing out, etc. Though once they are going strong with multiple true leaves they tend to be pretty resilient.

I managed to find where I planted a bunch of pawpaws a while back, and I uncovered them so can see the seed better to help them warm up also with the heat of the greenhouse, and they are starting to move now. can see the little elbows poking up, as well as the seeds. To the right can also see some first year korean pine nuts getting out of their seed casings.

Can see here an Apios americana vine making it's way up a skewer pole, surrounded by sunflower potatoes.

The first purple pentaploid is planted now. Don't know if this hardy productive potato species hailing from the Andes has ever grown in Canada before. Welcome to Canada little guy.

For sprouting true potato seeds optimal temperature is 16-18Celsius so I put them on my windowsill in the basement. Already have a pentaploid or S curtilobum sprout. This is 10 days after sowing. Will plant it today in a small container.

The potato plants are getting big now. These are french fingerlings which I have planted, in each bag each seed potato has it's own layer and plenty of space around to produce potatoes. The plants are likely big enough now. So future when fertilizing will focus on tuber production nutrients.

So it looks like PawPaw sprouts and persimmon sprouts look pretty much identical, or at least very hard to distinguish as seedlings, so may have to wait a few weeks till get to the true leaves to see which one are which. Also for next time, I'll have to leave my pawpaw seeds close to the surface, perhaps even on the surface, as it may improve leafout rate.

In my experience I can achieve pretty good germination rate for pawpaws. But still working on getting a decent leaf out rate. Might need to like only plant them after they leaf out possibly.

Hmm, well it's possible I got my pecans and pawpaws mixed up. Will know better later on.

Here are some honey locusts just starting to leaf out.

Gleditsia triacanthos: The Honey Locust

Gleditsia triacanthos, commonly known as honey locust, is a deciduous tree native to central North America. Known for its versatile uses and adaptability, honey locust is a valuable addition to gardens and landscapes in Ontario. This tree is notable for its edible pods, which contain a sweet, honey-like substance, as well as its potential benefits for soil health.

Suitability for Ontario

1. Climate Adaptability: Honey locust thrives in USDA zones 3-9, making it well-suited to Ontario's climate. It is highly adaptable to a range of environmental conditions, including urban settings, and can tolerate a variety of soil types, including clay, loam, and sandy soils. Honey locust is also drought-tolerant once established, making it a resilient choice for various landscapes.

Edible Uses

2. Pods and Beans: The pods of the honey locust tree are long, flattened, and typically contain a sweet, edible pulp. The beans inside the pods are also edible, although they are often more commonly used as livestock feed.

3. Honey-Like Substance: The sweet pulp inside the pods has a honey-like flavor, which can be eaten raw or used as a natural sweetener in various recipes. Historically, Indigenous peoples and early settlers used this pulp as a food source.

4. Nutrient Profile:

   • Carbohydrates: The sweet pulp is rich in carbohydrates, providing a quick energy source.
   • Fiber: Both the pulp and the pods are good sources of dietary fiber, beneficial for digestive health.
   • Proteins and Fats: The seeds contain proteins and fats, making them a nutritious addition to the diet, especially when ground into a flour or meal.

Soil Health and Nitrogen Fixation

5. Soil Improvement: While honey locust is not a nitrogen-fixing tree in the traditional sense (like legumes that form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria), it contributes to soil health in other ways. The tree's extensive root system helps to improve soil structure and reduce erosion.

6. Organic Matter: The fallen leaves and pods of the honey locust decompose quickly, adding organic matter to the soil. This contributes to the nutrient cycle and improves soil fertility over time.

Additional Benefits

7. Shade and Shelter: Honey locust trees have an open canopy, which provides light shade. This can be beneficial in agroforestry systems where partial shade is needed for understorey crops or grazing animals.

8. Wildlife Habitat: The tree offers habitat and food for various wildlife species. Birds, in particular, may use the tree for nesting and feed on the seeds.

9. Ornamental Value: With its delicate, fern-like leaves and graceful form, honey locust adds aesthetic value to landscapes. Its fall foliage, which turns a golden yellow, adds seasonal interest.

Growing and Care

10. Planting: Honey locust trees should be planted in full sun to partial shade. They are highly adaptable to various soil types but prefer well-drained soils.

11. Watering: While drought-tolerant once established, young trees should be watered regularly to help them establish a strong root system.

12. Pruning: Prune honey locust trees in late winter to remove dead or damaged branches and to maintain a desirable shape. Be cautious of the thorns, which can be quite large and sharp.

Conclusion

Gleditsia triacanthos, or honey locust, is a versatile and resilient tree well-suited to Ontario's climate. Its edible pods and seeds, combined with its ability to improve soil health and provide wildlife habitat, make it a valuable addition to any landscape. The sweet, honey-like substance in the pods offers a unique culinary use, while the tree's adaptability to various soil types and environmental conditions ensures its place as a practical and attractive choice for both urban and rural settings. At Lyis Forestry, we recognize the many benefits of honey locust and recommend it for its multiple uses and ecological contributions.

Depicted are the most mature pawpaws Lyis Forestry has right now, also some first year korean pine nuts are depicted. You can see the notable serration of the pawpaw leaves, indicating they are loving the nutrient formula being given.

Environmental Conditions and Leaf Serration in Plants

Environmental Factors Affecting Leaf Serration:

1. Light: Changes in light intensity and duration can influence leaf morphology. Plants exposed to higher light levels often develop more pronounced serrations to increase photosynthesis efficiency.
2. Water Availability: Variations in water availability can also affect leaf structure. Plants in drier environments may develop serrated leaves to reduce water loss and increase surface area for gas exchange.
3. Nutrient Availability: Nutrient-rich soil can promote vigorous growth, which may result in more pronounced leaf serration. Conversely, nutrient-poor conditions might lead to simpler leaf shapes.
4. Temperature: Temperature fluctuations can impact leaf development. Cooler temperatures often slow growth, leading to more defined serrations, while warmer temperatures can result in faster, less serrated growth.

Young vs. Mature Leaves:

• Morphological Changes: It's common for young leaves to differ in shape and texture from mature leaves. For example, young pawpaw leaves are often more elongated and may have different serration patterns compared to mature leaves.
• Adaptive Changes: Young leaves may have different structures to adapt to their immediate environment. As they mature, their morphology can change to optimize for different environmental conditions.

Identifying Pawpaw Seedlings

Pawpaw Characteristics:

• Young Leaves: Pawpaw seedlings typically have large, elongated leaves with smooth or slightly wavy edges when they first emerge. The leaves become more typical in shape and size as they mature.
• Mature Leaves: Mature pawpaw leaves are usually oblong to lanceolate with a smooth margin, and they can grow quite large, up to 30 cm (12 inches) long.

Based on the provided image, the seedlings show characteristics that are consistent with young pawpaw plants. The leaves appear elongated and have a slightly serrated margin, which can be a transitional feature in young plants.

Korean Pine Seedlings

Korean Pine Characteristics:

• Needle-Like Leaves: Korean pine seedlings have long, thin, needle-like leaves that grow in clusters. These are distinct from the broad leaves of pawpaw seedlings.
• Growth Patterns: The seedlings in the image with needle-like leaves match the characteristics of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis).

Conclusion

The seedlings in your image appear to include both pawpaw and Korean pine. The elongated, slightly serrated leaves are consistent with young pawpaw leaves, while the needle-like leaves belong to the Korean pine seedlings. As the pawpaw seedlings mature, their leaves should become smoother and more characteristic of the species.

Environmental factors such as light, water, nutrients, and temperature can influence leaf serration and overall morphology. It's not uncommon for young leaves to differ from mature leaves in structure and appearance. As your pawpaw seedlings continue to grow, monitoring these factors will help ensure healthy development and proper leaf formation.

Thymus serpyllum: Creeping Thyme

Thymus serpyllum, commonly known as creeping thyme, is a versatile and low-growing perennial herb that is well-suited to a variety of garden settings, including those in Ontario. Renowned for its fragrant leaves and tiny, nectar-rich flowers, creeping thyme is an excellent choice for attracting pollinators such as bees and butterflies. Its hardiness, aesthetic appeal, and multiple uses make it a valuable addition to any garden.

Suitability for Ontario Gardens

1. Growing Conditions: Creeping thyme thrives in USDA zones 4-8, making it ideal for Ontario's climate. It prefers well-drained soil and can tolerate a range of soil types, including sandy and rocky soils. Full sun is best for optimal growth and flowering, though it can tolerate partial shade.

2. Hardiness: Creeping thyme is hardy and drought-tolerant once established, making it a low-maintenance option for gardeners. It is also resistant to deer and rabbits, reducing the risk of damage from local wildlife.

Planting and Care

3. Where to Plant: Creeping thyme is highly versatile and can be planted in various locations within the garden:

   • Ground Cover: It makes an excellent ground cover, spreading to form a dense mat that suppresses weeds.
   • Rock Gardens: Its ability to thrive in rocky, well-drained soil makes it perfect for rock gardens.
   • Pathways: Planting it between stepping stones or along garden paths creates a fragrant, living carpet that releases a pleasant aroma when stepped on.
   • Borders and Edges: Use it to soften the edges of garden beds and borders with its delicate foliage and flowers.

4. Watering: Water newly planted thyme regularly until established. Once mature, it is drought-tolerant and requires only occasional watering.

5. Fertilization: Creeping thyme does not require heavy fertilization. A light application of compost in the spring is usually sufficient to support healthy growth.

Benefits for Pollinators

6. Pollinator Attraction: The small, tubular flowers of creeping thyme are a magnet for bees, butterflies, and other pollinators. Creeping thyme is particularly superior to common thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and English thyme in this regard. Its flowers support a variety of native bees, including bumblebees, by providing a rich source of nectar. By planting creeping thyme, gardeners can help support local pollinator populations and enhance the biodiversity of their garden.

Edible and Medicinal Uses

7. Culinary Uses: Creeping thyme can be used in cooking, similar to common thyme. The leaves have a mild thyme flavor and can be used fresh or dried in a variety of dishes, including soups, stews, marinades, and as a seasoning for meats and vegetables.

8. Medicinal Uses: Traditionally, thyme has been used for its medicinal properties. It contains thymol, an antiseptic compound, making it useful for treating minor wounds and infections. Thyme tea is known to help with respiratory issues, such as coughs and bronchitis, due to its expectorant properties.

Additional Tips for Growing Creeping Thyme

9. Pruning: Light pruning after flowering helps maintain a neat appearance and encourages bushier growth. Remove any dead or woody stems to keep the plant healthy.

10. Propagation: Creeping thyme can be easily propagated by division or cuttings. This allows gardeners to expand their thyme ground cover or share plants with others.

Conclusion

Thymus serpyllum, or creeping thyme, is a highly versatile and beneficial herb for Ontario gardens. Its hardiness, low maintenance requirements, and attractiveness to pollinators make it an excellent choice for a variety of garden settings. Whether used as a ground cover, in rock gardens, along pathways, or in borders, creeping thyme provides aesthetic appeal and practical benefits. Its culinary and medicinal uses add to its value, making it a worthwhile addition to any garden. Compared to common thyme and English thyme, creeping thyme offers superior support for pollinators, including a variety of native bees and bumblebees. At Lyis Forestry, we cultivate creeping thyme with care, ensuring that each plant contributes to the health and beauty of your garden.

Can see depicted a persimmon having some trouble getting out of it's shell, some has been partially removed to help it. Also seen is another that has its first two leaves the cotyledon fully unfurled and healthy.

Diospyros virginiana: The Virginia Persimmon

Diospyros virginiana, commonly known as the Virginia persimmon, is a deciduous tree native to the eastern United States. Known for its sweet, flavorful fruit, the Virginia persimmon is a valuable addition to orchards and food forests. However, growing persimmons from seed requires careful attention and patience, particularly during the early stages of germination and growth.

Growing Virginia Persimmon from Seed

1. Seed Stratification: Similar to pawpaws, Virginia persimmon seeds require a period of cold stratification to break dormancy. At Lyis Forestry, seeds are placed in a moist medium, such as damp sand or sphagnum moss, and stored in a refrigerator at around 4°C (39°F) for 60-90 days. This cold period simulates natural winter conditions, preparing the seeds for germination.

2. Seed Incubation: After stratification, the seeds are transferred to a warm, humid environment to encourage sprouting. We incubate the seeds at temperatures between 21-27°C (70-80°F). Consistent moisture levels are crucial, but overwatering must be avoided to prevent rot.

3. Planting in Soil: Once the seeds germinate, they are carefully planted in well-draining, fertile soil. At Lyis Forestry, we use a mix that includes compost, perlite, and peat to ensure good aeration and moisture retention.

Early Growth and Care

4. Cotyledon Leaves: The first leaves to emerge from the seed are the cotyledon leaves, which are essential for the seedling's initial photosynthesis. Sometimes, the seedlings require assistance to shed their seed casing. This delicate process involves using pliers and a gentle hand to carefully remove the casing without damaging the emerging leaves.

5. Monitoring and Watering: Seedlings are closely monitored for health and growth. They are watered when the soil feels dry to the touch but are not overwatered, as excessive moisture can lead to root rot. Seedlings are kept in a location with filtered light, as they are sensitive to direct sunlight during the early stages.

Growth Rate and Conditions

6. Growth Rate: Virginia persimmon seedlings grow slowly at first, but with proper care, they can reach about one foot tall within 1-2 years. Regular monitoring and optimal growing conditions are essential for steady growth.

7. Time to Fruit Production: Virginia persimmon trees typically begin producing fruit within 6-10 years, depending on the growing conditions and whether they were started from seed or grafted. Grafted trees tend to bear fruit sooner than seed-grown trees.

Optimal Growing Conditions

8. Soil: Persimmons prefer well-drained, fertile soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. They are adaptable to various soil types, including loamy, sandy, and clay soils.

9. Light: Full sun to partial shade is ideal for Virginia persimmon trees. Young trees benefit from some protection from intense midday sun.

10. Watering: Consistent moisture is crucial, especially during dry periods. The soil should be kept moist but not waterlogged. Mulching helps retain soil moisture and regulate temperature.

11. Spacing: Plant persimmon trees 4.5-6 meters (15-20 feet) apart to allow for adequate air circulation and growth.

Conclusion

Growing Diospyros virginiana, or Virginia persimmon, from seed is a rewarding but challenging process. At Lyis Forestry, we take meticulous care to cold stratify and incubate the seeds, ensuring they receive the necessary conditions to sprout. The seedlings are carefully monitored, and assistance is sometimes required to help them shed their seed casings and allow the cotyledon leaves to emerge. With proper care, Virginia persimmon seedlings will grow steadily, reaching a saleable height of one foot within 1-2 years. These trees will eventually produce their sweet, flavorful fruit, providing both ornamental and culinary value to any garden or orchard. Whether grown for their delicious fruit or their attractive appearance, Virginia persimmons offer a range of benefits that make them a worthwhile addition to any landscape in Ontario.

These are first true leaves of the PawPaw Asimina triloba.

Asimina triloba: The Pawpaw

Asimina triloba, commonly known as pawpaw, is a unique and flavorful fruit-bearing tree native to North America. It is known for its large, tropical-looking leaves and custard-like fruit with a flavor reminiscent of banana, mango, and melon. Growing pawpaw from seed requires specific care and conditions, and at Lyis Forestry, we take a meticulous approach to ensure successful germination and growth.

Growing Pawpaw from Seed

1. Seed Stratification: Pawpaw seeds require a period of cold stratification to break dormancy. At Lyis Forestry, we simulate winter conditions by placing the seeds in a moist medium (such as damp sand or sphagnum moss) and storing them in a refrigerator at around 4°C (39°F) for 90-120 days. This process mimics the natural cold period the seeds would experience in the wild.

2. Seed Incubation: After stratification, the seeds are moved to a warm, humid environment to encourage germination. We incubate the seeds at temperatures between 24-29°C (75-85°F). It’s essential to maintain consistent moisture levels without waterlogging the seeds.

3. Planting in Soil: Once the seeds sprout, they are carefully planted in good-quality, well-draining soil. At Lyis Forestry, we use a mix that ensures adequate aeration and moisture retention, often including components like compost, perlite, and peat.

4. Monitoring Progress: Seedlings are monitored closely for growth and health. They are watered when the soil feels dry to the touch but are not overwatered to prevent root rot. The seedlings are kept in a location with filtered light, as young pawpaw plants are sensitive to direct sunlight.

5. Leafing Out: Attached is a photo of a pawpaw seedling that has successfully leafed out, showing its first leaves. This stage is critical as it marks the beginning of the plant’s photosynthesis process, which will fuel further growth.

Growth Rate and Conditions

6. Growth Rate: Pawpaw seedlings grow slowly initially. It can take about 1-2 years for a seedling to reach at least one foot tall, depending on the growing conditions and care provided. The growth rate typically accelerates once the plant establishes a robust root system.

7. Time to Fruit Production: Pawpaw trees usually take 4-8 years to start producing fruit, depending on the growing conditions and whether they were started from seed or grafted. Grafted trees tend to bear fruit sooner than seed-grown trees.

8. Optimal Conditions: Once planted out, pawpaw trees thrive in conditions that mimic their natural habitat:

   • Soil: Well-draining, fertile soil with a slightly acidic to neutral pH (5.5-7.0).
   • Light: Partial shade when young; mature trees can handle full sun but also do well in partial shade.
   • Watering: Regular watering, especially during dry periods. The soil should be kept consistently moist but not waterlogged.
   • Mulching: A layer of mulch helps retain soil moisture and regulate temperature.
   • Spacing: Plant trees 3-5 meters (10-16 feet) apart to allow for adequate air circulation and growth.

Conclusion

At Lyis Forestry, growing pawpaw from seed is a labor of love that requires patience and careful attention to detail. The process starts with cold stratification and incubation to ensure successful germination, followed by careful planting and monitoring of the seedlings. With optimal care, pawpaw seedlings will grow steadily, reaching a saleable height of one foot within 1-2 years. Once established, these unique trees will eventually produce their distinctive and delicious fruit, providing both aesthetic and culinary value to any garden or orchard.

Salvia officinalis: Common Sage

Salvia officinalis, commonly known as common sage, is a perennial herb native to the Mediterranean region. It is highly valued for its culinary, medicinal, and ornamental uses. Sage is well-suited to a variety of climates, including Ontario, making it a versatile addition to home gardens and herb beds.

Suitability for Ontario

1. Growing Conditions: Common sage thrives in USDA zones 4-8, making it well-suited to Ontario's climate. Sage prefers well-drained, sandy or loamy soils with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. It requires full sun to partial shade for optimal growth. Sage is drought-tolerant once established, making it a low-maintenance choice for gardeners.

Growth and Cultivation

2. Perennial Growth: Sage is a hardy perennial herb that can live for several years when properly cared for. It typically grows to a height of 30-60 cm (12-24 inches) and spreads about 60 cm (24 inches) wide. Sage is known for its woody stems, gray-green leaves, and purple-blue flowers that bloom in late spring to early summer.

3. Planting from Seed: Sage can be grown from seed, which should be sown indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost date. Transplant seedlings outdoors after the danger of frost has passed. Space plants about 45-60 cm (18-24 inches) apart to allow for proper air circulation and growth.

4. Watering: Keep the soil consistently moist during the seedling stage. Once established, sage is drought-tolerant and only requires occasional watering. Overwatering should be avoided to prevent root rot.

5. Fertilization: Sage generally does not require heavy fertilization. Incorporating compost into the soil at planting time can provide adequate nutrients. If needed, a balanced, slow-release fertilizer can be applied in early spring.

Uses and Benefits

6. Culinary Uses: Sage is a popular culinary herb known for its strong, earthy flavor. It is commonly used in stuffing, sausages, soups, stews, and meat dishes. Fresh or dried sage leaves can be used, and the herb pairs well with poultry, pork, and vegetables.

7. Medicinal Uses: Sage has a long history of use in traditional medicine. It is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Sage tea is often used to soothe sore throats, improve digestion, and reduce menopausal symptoms. The leaves can also be used in poultices to treat minor cuts and wounds.

8. Ornamental Value: Sage's attractive foliage and flowers make it a valuable ornamental plant. It can be used in herb gardens, borders, and containers. The flowers attract pollinators, such as bees and butterflies, enhancing garden biodiversity.

Additional Tips for Growing Sage

9. Pruning: Regular pruning helps maintain sage's shape and encourages new growth. Prune back about one-third of the plant in early spring to remove woody stems and promote fresh growth.

10. Pest and Disease Management: Sage is relatively pest-resistant but can be susceptible to fungal diseases in humid conditions. Ensure good air circulation around the plants and avoid overhead watering to minimize the risk of disease.

11. Harvesting: Harvest sage leaves as needed throughout the growing season. For drying, harvest before the plant flowers. Dry the leaves in a well-ventilated, shaded area and store them in an airtight container.

Conclusion

Salvia officinalis, or common sage, is a versatile and hardy perennial herb that is well-suited to Ontario's climate. Its culinary, medicinal, and ornamental uses make it a valuable addition to any garden. With proper care, sage can thrive for many years, providing fresh herbs for the kitchen, natural remedies for health, and beauty for the garden. Whether grown for its flavorful leaves or its attractive appearance, common sage offers a range of benefits that enhance both the garden and the home.

Phaseolus coccineus: Scarlet Runner Beans

Phaseolus coccineus, commonly known as scarlet runner beans, are a versatile and vibrant addition to any garden. Originally valued for their ornamental flowers that attract butterflies and hummingbirds, scarlet runner beans are also prized for their edible beans. By crossing ornamental varieties with large-seeded European varieties, Lyis Forestry has created a unique strain that combines the best of both worlds. These beans are now naturalized in Owen Sound, thriving in a food forest environment and demonstrating resistance to local insect pests.

Adaptability and Growth

1. Growing Conditions: Scarlet runner beans thrive in USDA zones 4-11, making them well-suited to Ontario's climate, including Owen Sound. They prefer well-drained, fertile soils but can adapt to various soil types, including sandy and loamy soils. Full sun to partial shade is ideal for optimal growth.

2. Naturalization: The variety developed by Lyis Forestry has been successfully naturalized in Owen Sound, growing well alongside a diverse range of local plants. This adaptability makes it an excellent choice for food forests and permaculture systems.

Characteristics and Benefits

3. Ornamental Appeal: Scarlet runner beans are known for their striking red flowers, which attract butterflies and hummingbirds, adding beauty and ecological value to gardens. The flowers also make these beans an attractive option for ornamental planting.

4. Large Edible Beans: By crossing ornamental varieties with large-seeded European varieties, Lyis Forestry has developed a strain with both aesthetic appeal and culinary value. The beans are larger and more suitable for use in various dishes, providing a nutritious food source.

5. Pest Resistance: This particular variety has shown resistance to local insect pests, reducing the need for chemical interventions and making it a sustainable choice for organic gardening.

Edible Uses and Nutritional Information

6. Culinary Versatility: The large beans can be eaten fresh, dried, or cooked in a variety of dishes. They are excellent in soups, stews, salads, and as a side dish. Young pods can also be harvested and cooked as green beans.

7. Nutritional Value: Scarlet runner beans are a nutritious addition to the diet, rich in protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. They provide a good source of:

   • Protein: Essential for muscle repair and growth.
   • Fiber: Supports digestive health.
   • Vitamins: High in vitamins A, C, and K.
   • Minerals: Rich in iron, magnesium, and potassium.

Ecological Benefits and Companion Planting

8. Pollinator Friendly: The bright red flowers are highly attractive to pollinators, particularly butterflies and hummingbirds, enhancing local biodiversity and supporting the ecosystem.

9. Companion Plants: Scarlet runner beans grow well with a variety of companion plants, particularly those that benefit from their nitrogen-fixing ability. Suitable companions include:

   • Corn: Beans can climb the corn stalks, providing mutual support.
   • Squash: The beans' nitrogen-fixing roots enrich the soil for squash.
   • Carrots and Radishes: Benefit from the improved soil fertility provided by the beans.

Growing Tips

10. Planting: Plant scarlet runner beans after the last frost in spring. Space seeds about 15-20 cm (6-8 inches) apart, and provide a trellis or support structure for the vines to climb.

11. Watering: Keep the soil consistently moist, especially during flowering and pod development. Avoid waterlogging to prevent root rot.

12. Fertilization: While scarlet runner beans are nitrogen-fixing, a balanced organic fertilizer at planting time can support vigorous growth. Avoid excessive nitrogen to prevent lush foliage at the expense of flowers and pods.

13. Harvesting: Harvest young pods for green beans or wait until the beans inside are fully mature for dry beans. Regular harvesting encourages continuous production.

Conclusion

Phaseolus coccineus, or scarlet runner beans, are a versatile and resilient addition to gardens, particularly in a food forest setting. The unique variety developed by Lyis Forestry in Owen Sound combines the ornamental beauty of traditional scarlet runner beans with the larger, more edible beans of European varieties. This strain is not only attractive to pollinators but also provides a valuable food source, demonstrating resistance to local pests and thriving in a diverse planting environment. Whether grown for their striking flowers or their nutritious beans, scarlet runner beans offer a range of benefits that make them an excellent choice for sustainable gardening and permaculture systems in Ontario.

Red Leaf Hazels: A Hardy, Colorful Addition to Ontario's Hazelnut Orchards

Corylus americana x Corylus avellana 'Crimson', commonly known as red leaf hazels, are a hybrid variety resulting from the cross between American hazelnut (Corylus americana) and European hazelnut (Corylus avellana 'Crimson'). These hybrids are specifically bred to combine the hardiness of American hazelnuts with the ornamental qualities and larger nuts of European varieties. The red leaf hazels grown from seeds in Bruce County, Ontario, are particularly noteworthy for their resilience and vibrant foliage, making them a valuable addition to local hazelnut orchards.

Suitability for Ontario

1. Filbert Blight Resistance: European hazelnuts (Corylus avellana) are typically susceptible to Eastern Filbert Blight, a fungal disease that can devastate hazelnut crops. However, American hazelnuts (Corylus americana) and their hybrids have shown greater resistance to this disease, making them more suitable for cultivation in Ontario's climate.

Optimal Growing Conditions

2. Climate and Soil: Red leaf hazels thrive in USDA zones 3-8, making them well-suited to Ontario's climate. They prefer well-drained, loamy soils with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. These hazels can tolerate a variety of soil types, including sandy and clay soils, and require full sun to partial shade for optimal growth.

3. Watering: Consistent moisture is crucial, especially during the growing season and the first few years after planting. Water young trees regularly to help establish their root systems. Mature trees are somewhat drought-tolerant but will produce better with consistent watering during dry periods.

4. Spacing and Planting: Space trees about 3-5 meters (10-16 feet) apart to allow for adequate air circulation and growth. Proper spacing also helps prevent disease and ensures that trees receive sufficient light.

Characteristics and Benefits

5. Vibrant Foliage: The red leaf hazel, particularly the 'Crimson' cultivar, is known for its deep red leaves, which add a splash of color to the landscape. The leaves retain their vibrant color throughout the growing season, enhancing the visual appeal of orchards and gardens.

6. Compact Size: Red leaf hazels tend to be more compact than standard hazelnut trees, making them suitable for smaller gardens and more manageable in larger orchards. The 'Crimson' cultivar typically grows to about 2 meters (6.5 feet) tall.

7. Nut Production: These hybrids are productive and produce nuts with moderately thick shells. There is some variation in nut size and ease of husking, but they generally offer a good balance between the ornamental qualities and nut production.

Corkscrew Hazelnut

8. Corylus avellana 'Contorta' (Corkscrew Hazelnut): Another popular European red leaf variety is the corkscrew hazelnut, known for its twisted and contorted branches. While this variety is visually striking, it is more susceptible to filbert blight and generally not as hardy as the red leaf hybrids. However, red leaf hazels share some similarities in growth habit and foliage color with the corkscrew hazelnut but are better suited to Ontario's climate due to their increased disease resistance and hardiness.

Pollination and Companion Plants

9. Pollination: Hazelnuts are wind-pollinated and benefit from having multiple varieties planted nearby to ensure good cross-pollination and nut set. Planting different hazel varieties within 30 meters (100 feet) of each other can improve yields.

10. Companion Plants: Suitable companion plants include other hazelnut varieties, as well as plants that can improve soil fertility, such as clover, alfalfa, and other nitrogen-fixing legumes. Companion planting with beneficial plants can enhance overall orchard health.

Historical and Genetic Background

11. Crimson Cultivar: 'Crimson' is a hardy red leaf hazel cultivar, renowned for its deep red leaf color and large, frilly husks that remain red until harvest in late September. Originating from a Wisconsin source, it has been bred for hardiness and ornamental appeal, making it one of the most hardy ornamental hazel cultivars available.

12. Wisconsin Source Hybrids: These hybrids have been developed through years of exposure to the Wisconsin and Minnesota climates, resulting in productive trees that are well-adapted to harsh conditions. They exhibit wide variation in tree size, nut size, and ease of husking, reflecting their diverse genetic background.

Additional Tips for Growing Red Leaf Hazels

13. Fertilization: Apply a balanced fertilizer in early spring to support healthy growth and nut production. Avoid excessive nitrogen, which can promote vegetative growth at the expense of nut production.

14. Pruning: Prune red leaf hazels in late winter to remove dead or diseased branches and to shape the tree. Proper pruning encourages healthy growth and improves light penetration.

15. Pest and Disease Management: Monitor for common pests and diseases, such as aphids and leaf blight. Implement integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to keep your trees healthy.

Conclusion

Red leaf hazels, particularly the 'Crimson' cultivar, are a valuable addition to hazelnut orchards in Ontario due to their hardiness, disease resistance, and ornamental qualities. These hybrids combine the best traits of American and European hazelnuts, offering vibrant foliage, compact size, and productive nut yields. The similarities in growth habit and foliage color to the corkscrew hazelnut add to their ornamental appeal, while their resilience to Ontario's climate makes them a practical choice. With proper care and optimal growing conditions, red leaf hazels can enhance the beauty and productivity of any orchard or garden. Whether grown for their striking appearance or their delicious nuts, these hazels provide a range of benefits that make them a worthwhile investment for gardeners and orchardists in Ontario.

Here can see depicted a two year old basket willow clone.

Salix viminalis: The Basket Willow

Salix viminalis, commonly known as the basket willow or common osier, is a deciduous shrub or small tree prized for its long, flexible shoots. Native to Europe and Asia, basket willow is well-suited to a variety of climates, including Ontario. This versatile plant is highly valued for its ability to improve soil quality, its utility in crafts and construction, and its ecological benefits.

Suitability for Ontario

1. Growing Conditions: Basket willow thrives in USDA zones 4-8, making it suitable for Ontario's climate. It prefers moist, well-drained soils and can tolerate a variety of soil types, including heavy clay soils. Willow is particularly effective in wet areas or along stream banks, where it can help stabilize soil and prevent erosion.

Soil Improvement

2. Improving Heavy Clay Soils: Basket willow is excellent at improving heavy clay soils. Its extensive root system helps break up compacted soil, enhancing aeration and drainage. As the roots decompose, they add organic matter to the soil, further improving its structure and fertility.

Wood Coppice and Pollard

3. Coppicing and Pollarding: Basket willow is well-suited for coppicing (cutting back to ground level) and pollarding (cutting back to the trunk or main branches). These methods encourage the growth of long, straight shoots that are ideal for basketry, fencing, and other crafts. Willow coppice and pollard regrow quickly, providing a sustainable source of wood.

Companion Planting

4. Companion Plants: Basket willow benefits from companion planting with nitrogen-fixing plants, which improve soil fertility by adding nitrogen. Suitable companion plants include:
   • Alder (Alnus spp.): Alders are excellent nitrogen fixers and can enhance the growth of willows when planted nearby.
   • Other Nitrogen Fixers: Plants like clover, lupine, and vetch can also be beneficial.

Edible and Medicinal Uses

5. Edible Uses: While willow is not commonly used as a food source, its inner bark can be dried, ground into a powder, and used as a flour substitute in times of scarcity.

6. Medicinal Uses: Willow bark has been used for centuries for its medicinal properties. It contains salicin, which is converted into salicylic acid (similar to aspirin) in the body. Willow bark can be used to reduce fever, relieve pain, and treat inflammation. It is commonly used in teas, tinctures, and poultices.

Uses in Crafts and Construction

7. Basketry: Basket willow is highly prized for making baskets. The long, flexible shoots are ideal for weaving into various basket shapes and sizes. The shoots are harvested in winter when the plant is dormant and can be used fresh or dried and soaked for flexibility.

8. Fencing and Structures: Willow shoots can be woven into living fences (also known as wattle fences), trellises, and other garden structures. These structures are not only functional but also add rustic charm to the landscape.

9. Living Willow Projects: Willow can be used to create living sculptures, arbors, and tunnels. The shoots are planted directly into the ground, where they take root and grow, forming living structures.

Additional Tips for Growing Basket Willow

10. Planting: Basket willow can be planted as cuttings or young plants. Plant cuttings in early spring before new growth begins, spacing them about 1 meter (3 feet) apart.

11. Watering: Willows prefer moist conditions, so ensure consistent watering, especially during dry periods. They thrive in areas with high water tables or near water bodies.

12. Pruning: Regularly coppice or pollard willows to encourage the growth of new shoots. This should be done in late winter when the plant is dormant.

Conclusion

Salix viminalis, or basket willow, is a valuable addition to landscapes in Ontario due to its adaptability, soil improvement capabilities, and versatile uses. Its ability to thrive in heavy clay soils and improve soil structure makes it particularly beneficial for challenging growing conditions. The plant's shoots are ideal for crafts, including basketry and fencing, while its medicinal properties add to its value. Companion planting with nitrogen-fixing plants like alder further enhances its growth and productivity. Whether grown for its practical uses, ecological benefits, or ornamental appeal, basket willow is a worthwhile addition to any garden or landscape.

Here can see a single Sweet Soft Chestnut in its first year of growth.

Castanea mollissima: The Sweet Soft Chestnut

Castanea mollissima, commonly known as the Chinese chestnut or sweet soft chestnut, is a deciduous tree prized for its delicious, sweet nuts and attractive, spreading form. Native to China, this tree has been cultivated for centuries and is well-suited to various climates, including Ontario. Chinese chestnuts are known for their resistance to chestnut blight, making them a valuable choice for home gardens and orchards.

Time to Fruit

1. Time to Fruit: Chinese chestnut trees grown from seed typically begin producing nuts in 5-7 years. Grafted trees may start fruiting slightly earlier, around 3-5 years. Full production is usually reached after 10-15 years.

Optimal Growing Conditions

2. Climate and Soil: Chinese chestnuts thrive in USDA zones 4-8, making them suitable for Ontario's climate. They prefer well-drained, loamy soils with a pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Good drainage is crucial to prevent root rot and ensure healthy growth.

3. Sunlight: Chinese chestnut trees require full sun to produce the best yields. Plant them in a location that receives at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily.

4. Watering: Consistent moisture is essential, especially during the growing season and the first few years after planting. Water young trees regularly to help establish their root systems. Mature trees are somewhat drought-tolerant but will produce better with consistent watering during dry periods.

5. Spacing and Planting: Space trees about 9-12 meters (30-40 feet) apart to allow for adequate air circulation and growth. Proper spacing also helps prevent disease and ensures that trees receive sufficient light.

Pollination and Companion Plants

6. Pollination: Chinese chestnut trees are partially self-fertile, but they produce better when cross-pollinated with another chestnut variety. Plant at least two trees to ensure good nut set and improve yields.

7. Companion Plants: When choosing companion plants, consider species that are compatible with chestnut trees and their root systems. Suitable companion plants include:

   • Fruit Trees: Apple, pear, and cherry trees can be good companions.
   • Berry Bushes: Blueberries, raspberries, and currants.
   • Herbs and Vegetables: Garlic, onions, and leeks can help deter pests and are compatible with chestnut trees.

Fertilization and Disease Management

8. Fertilization: Chinese chestnut trees benefit from a balanced fertilizer, particularly one with higher nitrogen content during the early growth stages. As the tree matures, a fertilizer like calcium nitrate can help reduce the risk of chestnut blight by providing essential nutrients and supporting overall tree health.

   • Young Trees: Apply a balanced fertilizer (e.g., 10-10-10) in early spring and again in early summer.
   • Mature Trees: Apply calcium nitrate in early spring to support nut production and reduce disease risk.

9. Blight Resistance: Chinese chestnut trees are naturally more resistant to chestnut blight than American chestnuts. However, maintaining tree health through proper fertilization, watering, and pruning can further reduce the risk of disease.

Additional Tips for Optimal Growth

10. Mulching: Apply a layer of mulch around the base of the tree to retain soil moisture, regulate temperature, and reduce weed competition. Avoid piling mulch against the trunk to prevent rot.

11. Pruning: Prune Chinese chestnut trees in late winter to remove dead or diseased branches and to shape the tree. Proper pruning encourages healthy growth and improves light penetration.

12. Pest Management: Monitor for common pests such as chestnut weevils and aphids. Implement integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to keep your trees healthy.

Conclusion

Castanea mollissima, or the sweet soft chestnut, is a valuable addition to orchards and gardens due to its delicious nuts, blight resistance, and attractive appearance. With proper care and optimal growing conditions, Chinese chestnut trees can produce abundant and nutritious nuts. Ensuring adequate sunlight, consistent watering, appropriate companion planting, and proper fertilization will enhance fruit production and tree health. Whether for their sweet, tasty nuts or their ornamental value, Chinese chestnut trees offer a range of benefits that make them a worthwhile addition to any landscape in Ontario.

As can see these two year old Heartnuts are quite large.

Juglans ailantifolia var. cordiformis: The Heartnut

Juglans ailantifolia var. cordiformis, commonly known as the heartnut, is a variety of the Japanese walnut. It is renowned for its heart-shaped nuts, which are not only visually appealing but also delicious and nutritious. The heartnut tree is valued for its ornamental qualities, hardy nature, and productivity. It is an excellent choice for home gardeners and orchardists in Ontario.

Time to Fruit

1. Time to Fruit: Heartnut trees typically begin producing nuts in 4-7 years when grown from grafted plants. Trees grown from seed may take longer, usually around 10 years to start fruiting. Full production is typically reached around 15-20 years.

Optimal Growing Conditions

2. Climate and Soil: Heartnut trees thrive in USDA zones 5-9, making them well-suited to Ontario's climate. They prefer well-drained, fertile soils with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. While they can tolerate a range of soil types, loamy soils are ideal for optimal growth and nut production.

3. Sunlight: Heartnut trees require full sun to produce the best yields. Plant them in a location that receives at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily.

4. Watering: Consistent moisture is crucial, especially during the growing season and the first few years after planting. Water young trees regularly to help establish their root systems. Mature trees are somewhat drought-tolerant but will produce better with consistent watering during dry periods.

5. Spacing and Planting: Space trees about 10-12 meters (33-40 feet) apart to allow for adequate air circulation and growth. Proper spacing also helps prevent disease and ensures that trees receive sufficient light.

Pollination and Companion Plants

6. Pollination: Heartnut trees are monoecious, meaning they have both male and female flowers on the same tree. However, they benefit greatly from cross-pollination. Planting at least two heartnut trees or a companion tree of a different walnut variety (such as black walnut) can enhance nut production.

7. Cross-Pollination with Black Walnuts: Heartnut trees can cross-pollinate with black walnuts (Juglans nigra). While this can lead to increased nut production, the resulting nuts may vary in characteristics due to hybridization. It is generally recommended to plant multiple heartnut trees for consistent nut quality.

8. Companion Plants: When choosing companion plants, consider species that are compatible with the juglone compound produced by walnut trees. Suitable companion plants include:

   • Fruit Trees: Apple, pear, and cherry trees can be good companions.
   • Berry Bushes: Currants, raspberries, and gooseberries.
   • Herbs and Vegetables: Carrots, beans, and beets are juglone-tolerant and can be planted near heartnut trees.

Additional Tips for Optimal Growth

9. Mulching: Apply a layer of mulch around the base of the tree to retain soil moisture, regulate temperature, and reduce weed competition. Avoid piling mulch against the trunk to prevent rot.

10. Pruning: Prune heartnut trees in late winter to remove dead or diseased branches and to shape the tree. Proper pruning encourages healthy growth and improves light penetration.

11. Fertilization: Fertilize young trees with a balanced fertilizer in early spring. Mature trees may require additional nitrogen to support nut production. Avoid excessive fertilization, which can lead to vigorous vegetative growth at the expense of nut production.

Conclusion

Juglans ailantifolia var. cordiformis, or the heartnut, is a valuable addition to orchards and gardens due to its attractive, heart-shaped nuts, and hardy nature. With proper care and optimal growing conditions, heartnut trees can produce abundant and nutritious nuts. Ensuring adequate sunlight, consistent watering, and appropriate companion planting will enhance fruit production and tree health. Whether for their ornamental appeal or their delicious nuts, heartnut trees offer a range of benefits that make them a worthwhile addition to any landscape in Ontario.

In the image can see a 2 year old Korean Pine Nut tree depicted.

Pinus koraiensis: The Korean Pine Nut

Pinus koraiensis, commonly known as the Korean pine or Korean pine nut tree, is a coniferous tree native to Korea, northeastern China, and parts of Russia and Japan. This tree is highly valued for its edible pine nuts, which are prized for their rich, buttery flavor and nutritional benefits. The Korean pine is also admired for its ornamental beauty and ecological benefits, making it a valuable addition to gardens and landscapes in Ontario.

Adaptability

1. Growing Conditions: Korean pine thrives in USDA zones 3-7, making it suitable for Ontario's climate. It prefers well-drained, loamy soils but can tolerate a variety of soil types, including sandy and clay soils. These trees require full sun to partial shade and benefit from cool, moist conditions.

Edible Uses

2. Nutritious Pine Nuts: The seeds of the Korean pine, commonly known as pine nuts, are encased in hard shells within the cones. These nuts are rich in healthy fats, protein, vitamins, and minerals. They have a rich, buttery flavor and are a prized ingredient in many culinary dishes.

3. Culinary Versatility: Pine nuts can be eaten raw, roasted, or used in a variety of culinary dishes. They are excellent in pestos, salads, baked goods, and as a garnish for a wide range of dishes. Pine nuts are also used in traditional Korean cuisine.

Nutritional Information

• Calories: Approximately 673 kcal per 100g
• Protein: 13.7g
• Fats: 68.4g (mostly unsaturated fats)
• Carbohydrates: 13.1g
• Fiber: 3.7g
• Vitamins: High in Vitamin E and Vitamin K
• Minerals: Rich in magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, and iron

Benefits for the Garden

4. Ornamental Beauty: Korean pine trees have an attractive, pyramidal shape with dense, dark green needles and large, decorative cones. They add visual interest and beauty to landscapes and can be used as specimen trees or in windbreaks.

5. Wildlife Habitat: The trees provide habitat and food for various wildlife species. Birds and small mammals often feed on the seeds, while the dense foliage offers shelter and nesting sites.

6. Soil Improvement and Erosion Control: The extensive root system helps stabilize soil and prevent erosion, particularly on slopes and along stream banks. This makes Korean pine a valuable tree for soil conservation.

Historical and Cultural Significance

7. Traditional Uses: Korean pine nuts have been harvested and used in traditional Korean and East Asian cuisine for centuries. The nuts are often used in special dishes, traditional medicine, and festive recipes, reflecting their cultural importance.

Growing Tips

• Time to Fruit: Korean pine trees typically take 10-15 years to begin producing cones and seeds. Full production is usually reached after 20-30 years.
• Pollination: While Korean pine trees are monoecious (having both male and female cones on the same tree), cross-pollination between two or more trees is beneficial for better nut production. Planting at least two trees is recommended.
• Planting: Plant Korean pine trees in the early spring or fall. Space trees about 6-10 meters (20-33 feet) apart to allow for adequate air circulation and growth.
• Soil: Prefers well-drained, loamy soil but can adapt to various soil types. Ensure the soil is fertile and enriched with organic matter.
• Watering: Water young trees regularly to help establish their roots. Once established, Korean pine trees are somewhat drought-tolerant but benefit from consistent moisture.
• Sunlight: Prefers full sun to partial shade.
• Pruning: Minimal pruning is required. Remove any dead or diseased branches to maintain tree health.
• Pest and Disease Management: Monitor for common pests and diseases, such as pine beetles and fungal infections. Implement integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to keep your trees healthy.

Conclusion

Pinus koraiensis, or Korean pine nut tree, is a valuable addition to gardens and landscapes due to its adaptability, nutritious pine nuts, and ecological benefits. Its rich, buttery nuts, versatility in the kitchen, and ornamental appeal make it an excellent choice for home gardeners and landscape enthusiasts in Ontario. Whether grown for its delicious nuts, its ornamental value, or its benefits to soil health and wildlife, the Korean pine offers a range of benefits that make it a worthwhile addition to any garden or landscape.

In image attached can see a two year old Yellow Plum. Which was grown from the seed of yellow plums grown in Bruce County.

Prunus salicina: The Yellow Plum

Prunus salicina, commonly known as the Japanese plum or yellow plum, is a deciduous fruit tree native to China and widely cultivated in Japan. It is known for its sweet, juicy, and vibrant yellow fruit. Yellow plums are prized for their delicious flavor, versatility in the kitchen, and ornamental appeal. They are an excellent choice for home gardens and orchards in Ontario.

Adaptability

1. Growing Conditions: Japanese yellow plums thrive in USDA zones 5-9, making them well-suited to Ontario's climate. They prefer well-drained, loamy soils but can adapt to a variety of soil types, including sandy and clay soils. These trees require full sun to produce the best fruit yields and should be planted in a location that receives at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day.

Edible Uses

2. Delicious Fruit: The fruit of the Japanese yellow plum is small to medium-sized, with smooth, golden-yellow skin and sweet, juicy flesh. They are typically harvested in mid to late summer.

3. Culinary Versatility: Yellow plums are highly versatile in the kitchen. They can be eaten fresh, dried, or used in a variety of culinary dishes. They are excellent for making jams, jellies, sauces, desserts, and beverages. Yellow plums are also used in baking, adding a sweet and tangy flavor to cakes, tarts, and pastries.

Nutritional Information

• Calories: Approximately 46 kcal per 100g
• Protein: 0.7g
• Fats: 0.3g
• Carbohydrates: 11g
• Fiber: 1.4g
• Vitamins: High in Vitamin C and Vitamin K
• Minerals: Rich in potassium, copper, and manganese

Benefits for the Garden

4. Attractive Appearance: Japanese yellow plum trees have a beautiful, rounded form with glossy green leaves and fragrant white blossoms in the spring. The bright yellow fruit adds visual interest and beauty to the garden.

5. Pollinator Friendly: The flowers of the yellow plum tree attract bees and other pollinators, supporting local biodiversity and enhancing the health of your garden ecosystem.

6. Fruit Production: Japanese yellow plum trees are known for their prolific fruit production. With proper care, a single tree can yield an abundant harvest, making it a rewarding addition to any garden or orchard.

Historical and Cultural Significance

7. Traditional Uses: Yellow plums have been cultivated for centuries and are particularly popular in Asian cuisine. They are often used in traditional recipes and preserves, reflecting their cultural importance and long history of use.

Growing Tips

• Planting: Plant Japanese yellow plum trees in the early spring or fall. Space trees about 4.5-6 meters (15-20 feet) apart to allow for adequate air circulation and growth.
• Soil: Prefers well-drained, loamy soil but can adapt to various soil types. Ensure the soil is fertile and enriched with organic matter.
• Watering: Water young trees regularly to help establish their roots. Once established, yellow plum trees are somewhat drought-tolerant but benefit from consistent moisture, especially during fruit development.
• Pruning: Prune annually in late winter or early spring to remove dead or diseased wood and to maintain an open canopy, which improves air circulation and light penetration.
• Fertilization: Apply a balanced fertilizer in early spring to support healthy growth and fruit production. Avoid excessive nitrogen, which can promote foliage growth at the expense of fruiting.
• Pest and Disease Management: Monitor for common pests and diseases, such as aphids, plum curculio, and brown rot. Implement integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to keep your trees healthy.

Conclusion

Prunus salicina, or Japanese yellow plum, is a valuable addition to gardens and orchards due to its adaptability, delicious fruit, and ecological benefits. Its vibrant yellow fruit, versatility in the kitchen, and ornamental appeal make it an excellent choice for home gardeners and fruit enthusiasts in Ontario. Whether enjoyed fresh, preserved, or used in culinary creations, yellow plums offer a range of benefits that enhance both the garden and the table.

Here can see a two year old heartnut. It's so big that it's hard to fit in the picture. They are fast growers, and will produce fruit in 4-6 years.

Maclura pomifera: The Osage Orange

Maclura pomifera, commonly known as the Osage orange, hedge apple, or bodark, is a deciduous tree native to the south-central United States. Its name is derived from the Osage Nation, who valued the tree highly for its exceptional wood. In the 1800s, bows made from Osage orange wood were so prized for their strength and flexibility that they could be traded for a horse and a blanket. The Osage Nation monopolized the use of this valuable resource, restricting access to other tribes. As European settlers moved westward, the tree became more widely distributed.

Adaptability

1. Growing Conditions: Osage orange thrives in USDA zones 4-9, making it well-suited to Ontario's climate. It prefers well-drained soils and can tolerate a variety of soil types, including clay, loam, and sandy soils. This hardy tree is drought-resistant and can withstand poor soil conditions, making it a resilient and low-maintenance choice for various landscapes.

Practical Uses

2. Hardwood Utilization: The wood of Maclura pomifera is among the hardest in North America and is the hardest wood that can grow in Ontario. It is extremely dense, strong, and rot-resistant, making it ideal for a variety of applications. It has been traditionally used for making bows, fence posts, tool handles, and other items requiring durable wood. The bright yellow-orange heartwood is also prized for its aesthetic appeal in woodworking and crafts.

3. High Heat Output: Osage orange wood burns very hot, hot enough to melt steel. While it can be used as a firewood starter, it should not be used as the main firewood in regular stoves due to the risk of overheating and damaging the stove. However, its high heat output makes it valuable for industrial applications, such as in blacksmith forges.

4. Living Fences: Historically, Osage orange trees were planted closely together to create natural, thorny hedges that served as livestock barriers before the advent of barbed wire. Known as nature's "barbed wire fence," these hedges are "hog tight," meaning that even a full-grown pig can't get through an Osage orange fence. This makes it an excellent choice for pig and goat pens and other enclosures for difficult-to-contain animals.

Edible and Medicinal Uses

5. Edible Seeds: While the fruit itself is generally inedible, the seeds inside are edible and nutritious. They can be roasted and eaten similarly to sunflower seeds.

6. Medicinal and Cosmetic Uses: The oil extracted from Osage orange seeds has medicinal and cosmetic applications. It is used for its moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties in skincare products and has been explored for its potential health benefits.

Ecological Benefits

7. Wildlife Habitat: Osage orange trees provide habitat and shelter for various wildlife species. Birds and small mammals often use the dense, thorny branches for nesting and protection.

8. Erosion Control: The extensive root system helps stabilize soil and prevent erosion, particularly on slopes and along stream banks. This makes Osage orange a valuable tree for soil conservation.

Historical and Cultural Significance

9. Traditional Uses: The Osage Nation and other Indigenous peoples valued the wood of Maclura pomifera for its exceptional strength and flexibility, particularly for making bows. The tree was also used for dye production, as the roots and bark yield a yellow dye.

Ornamental and Landscape Uses

10. Aesthetic Appeal: Osage orange trees have a unique, rugged appearance with their deeply furrowed bark and large, spherical fruits. They add visual interest to landscapes and can be used as specimen trees or in hedgerows.

Growing Tips

• Planting: Plant in spring or fall. Space trees about 3-4 meters (10-13 feet) apart if creating a hedge or windbreak. They can be grown from seeds or cuttings.
• Soil: Prefers well-drained soil but can adapt to various soil types. Adding organic matter can improve soil quality.
• Watering: Keep the soil consistently moist during the establishment period. Once established, Osage orange trees are drought-tolerant.
• Sunlight: Prefers full sun but can tolerate partial shade.
• Pruning: Regular pruning helps maintain shape and encourages healthy growth. Remove any dead or damaged branches and manage the tree’s size if used as a hedge.
• Harvesting: The fruit is generally inedible for humans but can be collected and used for ornamental purposes or composted. Harvest seeds from mature fruits for eating or oil extraction.

Conclusion

Maclura pomifera, or Osage orange, is a valuable addition to landscapes due to its adaptability, practical uses, and ecological benefits. Its historical significance and the versatile, durable wood make it a noteworthy tree for both traditional and modern applications. The tree's edible seeds and the medicinal and cosmetic uses of the seed oil add to its value. Whether grown for its practical utility, unique appearance, or its benefits to soil health and wildlife, Osage orange offers a range of benefits that make it a worthwhile addition to any garden or landscape.

Depicted is a 2 year old Goji berry.

Lycium chinense: The Chinese Wolfberry

Lycium chinense, commonly known as the Chinese wolfberry or goji berry, is a deciduous shrub native to China. It has been cultivated for centuries, particularly in traditional Chinese medicine, for its highly nutritious berries and health benefits. Known for its adaptability and resilience, Lycium chinense has become a popular plant for gardeners interested in edible landscapes and medicinal gardening.

Adaptability

1. Growing Conditions: Chinese wolfberry thrives in USDA zones 4-9, making it well-suited to Ontario's climate. It prefers well-drained, sandy or loamy soils but can adapt to a variety of soil types. This hardy shrub tolerates drought and poor soil conditions, though it thrives best in full sun to partial shade.

Edible Uses

2. Nutritious Berries: The bright orange-red berries of Lycium chinense are packed with nutrients. They are rich in vitamins A and C, fiber, antioxidants, and essential amino acids. These berries are known for their sweet and slightly tart flavor.

3. Culinary Versatility: Goji berries can be eaten fresh, dried, or cooked. They are commonly used in teas, soups, and smoothies, and can be added to cereals, salads, and baked goods. Dried berries are often used as a snack or in trail mixes.

Nutritional Information

• Calories: Approximately 90 kcal per 100g (dried berries)
• Protein: 4g
• Fats: 1g
• Carbohydrates: 21g
• Fiber: 4g
• Vitamins: High in Vitamin A and Vitamin C
• Minerals: Rich in iron, zinc, and selenium
• Antioxidants: High in polysaccharides and carotenoids

Medicinal Uses

4. Traditional Medicine: Lycium chinense has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. The berries, leaves, and roots are believed to have numerous health benefits, including boosting the immune system, improving eyesight, and promoting liver health.

5. Health Benefits: Goji berries are reputed to have anti-aging properties, support cardiovascular health, and improve overall well-being. They are also thought to enhance energy, stamina, and mental clarity.

Benefits for the Garden

6. Attractive Appearance: Chinese wolfberry plants have long, arching stems with small, purple flowers that bloom in summer, followed by bright berries. They add visual interest and beauty to gardens and landscapes.

7. Pollinator Friendly: The flowers attract bees, butterflies, and other pollinators, supporting local biodiversity and enhancing the health of your garden ecosystem.

8. Soil Improvement and Erosion Control: The extensive root system helps stabilize soil and prevent erosion. This makes Lycium chinense a useful plant for erosion control in various landscapes.

Growing Tips

• Planting: Plant in spring or fall. Space plants about 1.5-2 meters (5-6 feet) apart. They can be grown from seeds, cuttings, or transplants.
• Soil: Prefers well-drained soil with moderate fertility. Adding organic matter can improve soil quality.
• Watering: Keep the soil consistently moist during the establishment period. Once established, Chinese wolfberry is drought-tolerant but benefits from regular watering during dry spells.
• Sunlight: Prefers full sun but can tolerate partial shade.
• Pruning: Regular pruning helps maintain shape and encourages fruit production. Remove any dead or damaged branches to promote healthy growth.
• Harvesting: Harvest berries in late summer to early fall when they are fully ripe. Handle berries gently as they bruise easily.

Conclusion

Lycium chinense, or Chinese wolfberry, is a valuable addition to gardens due to its adaptability, nutritional benefits, and medicinal properties. Its rich history in traditional Chinese medicine and its versatility in the kitchen make it an excellent choice for gardeners interested in edible and medicinal plants. The attractive appearance of the plant, along with its benefits to pollinators and soil health, further enhances its appeal. Whether grown for its nutritious berries or its ornamental value, Chinese wolfberry offers a range of benefits that make it a worthwhile addition to any garden.

Here are example of two year old hazelnuts that I sold yesterday at the market. These are some great specimens, can see how the one on the right has four stems, demonstrating the shrubby habit of hazelnuts.

Helianthus tuberosus: The Sunflower Potato

Helianthus tuberosus, commonly known as the sunflower potato, Jerusalem artichoke, or sunchoke, is a tuber-producing plant that belongs to the sunflower family (Asteraceae). Native to central North America, it was cultivated by Indigenous peoples long before European settlers arrived. The plant served as a staple food source due to its nutritional value and hardiness. Despite its name, it is neither related to artichokes nor does it originate from Jerusalem; the name "Jerusalem" is believed to be a corruption of the Italian word for sunflower, "girasole."

Adaptability

1. Growing Conditions: Sunflower potatoes thrive in USDA zones 3-9, making them well-suited to Ontario's climate. They prefer well-drained, sandy loam soils but can adapt to a variety of soil types. These plants are hardy and can tolerate both drought and frost, making them resilient and easy to grow.

Edible Uses

2. Nutritious Tubers: The tubers of the sunflower potato are rich in inulin, a type of prebiotic fiber that promotes gut health. They are also a good source of iron, potassium, and B vitamins. The tubers have a nutty, slightly sweet flavor and a crisp texture, similar to water chestnuts.

3. Culinary Versatility: Sunflower potatoes can be eaten raw, roasted, sautéed, boiled, or mashed. They add a unique flavor to salads, soups, and stews. When cooked, they can be used as a substitute for potatoes in many recipes.

Nutritional Information

• Calories: Approximately 73 kcal per 100g
• Protein: 2g
• Fats: 0.1g (very low fat)
• Carbohydrates: 17g
• Fiber: 2g (high in inulin)
• Vitamins: High in Vitamin C and B vitamins
• Minerals: Rich in potassium, iron, and magnesium

Benefits for the Garden

4. Attractive Appearance: Sunflower potatoes produce tall, sunflower-like plants that can reach heights of up to 3 meters (10 feet). They have bright yellow flowers that add visual interest and beauty to the garden.

5. Pollinator Friendly: The flowers attract bees, butterflies, and other pollinators, supporting local biodiversity and enhancing the health of your garden ecosystem.

6. Soil Improvement and Erosion Control: The extensive root system helps stabilize soil and prevent erosion. Sunflower potatoes can also improve soil structure and organic matter content.

Historical and Cultural Significance

7. Traditional Food Source: Indigenous peoples of North America cultivated sunflower potatoes as a staple food. The tubers were used fresh or dried and stored for winter use. They were an important part of the diet, providing essential nutrients during times when other food sources were scarce.

Growing Tips

• Planting: Plant tubers in early spring or fall, spacing them about 30-45 cm (12-18 inches) apart. They can be grown from small pieces of tuber with at least one "eye."
• Soil: Prefers well-drained soil with moderate fertility. Sandy loam is ideal, but they can adapt to various soil types.
• Watering: Keep the soil consistently moist, especially during the growing season. Avoid waterlogging, as this can cause tuber rot.
• Sunlight: Prefers full sun but can tolerate partial shade.
• Harvesting: Harvest tubers in the fall after the foliage dies back. Tubers can be left in the ground and dug up as needed throughout the winter in mild climates.

Conclusion

Helianthus tuberosus, or sunflower potato, is a valuable addition to gardens due to its adaptability, nutritional benefits, and ecological contributions. Its rich history as a traditional food source among the Indigenous peoples of North America and its versatility in the kitchen make it an excellent choice for gardeners looking to grow a resilient and productive crop. The attractive, sunflower-like plants and their benefits to pollinators and soil health further enhance their appeal. Whether grown for their nutritious tubers or their ornamental value, sunflower potatoes offer a range of benefits that make them a worthwhile addition to any garden.

In the image can see the God's fruit persimmon leafing out. Above the stem is attempting to pull it's leaves out of the shell. And below the shell has been removed and the yellow leaves are yet to turn green and unfold.

Diospyros virginiana, commonly known as Virginia persimmon, is an excellent choice for Ontario for several compelling reasons:

1. Adaptability: Virginia persimmons are well-suited to Ontario's climate, thriving in USDA zones 4-9. They prefer well-drained soils and can tolerate a range of soil types, including sandy and loamy soils. They are also drought-resistant once established, making them a hardy option for varying growing conditions.

2. Nutritious Fruit: The fruit of the Virginia persimmon is rich in vitamins A and C, as well as dietary fiber and antioxidants. When fully ripe, the fruit has a sweet, honey-like flavor and can be eaten fresh or used in a variety of culinary dishes.

3. Wildlife Habitat: Virginia persimmon trees provide excellent habitat for wildlife. The dense foliage offers shelter for birds and small mammals, while the fruit serves as a food source for wildlife, including deer, raccoons, and birds.

4. Timber and Wood Products: The wood of the Virginia persimmon tree is strong and dense, making it valuable for woodworking, furniture making, and crafting. It is particularly prized for making golf club heads and billiard cues.

5. Soil Improvement and Erosion Control: Virginia persimmon trees have extensive root systems that help stabilize soil and prevent erosion. They also contribute to soil health through leaf litter and organic matter.

Culinary Uses

• Fresh Fruit: Ripe persimmons can be eaten fresh, providing a sweet and flavorful snack.
• Baking and Cooking: Persimmons can be used in cakes, cookies, bread, and puddings.
• Persimmon Pulp: Used in making persimmon pudding, pies, and custards.
• Jams and Preserves: Persimmons can be made into delicious jams and preserves.
• Dried Persimmons: The fruit can be dried and used as a sweet snack or ingredient in various dishes.

Nutritional Information

• Calories: 81 kcal per 100g
• Protein: 0.8g
• Fats: 0.3g (mostly unsaturated fats)
• Carbohydrates: 18.6g
• Fiber: 3.6g
• Vitamins: High in Vitamin A and Vitamin C
• Minerals: Rich in potassium, manganese, and copper

Benefits for Ontario

• Cold Hardiness: Virginia persimmons can withstand Ontario's cold winters, making them a reliable fruit crop.
• Economic Value: The sweet and flavorful fruits can attract a niche market, providing economic opportunities for local farmers.
• Sustainable Farming: Virginia persimmon trees can be integrated into agroforestry systems, enhancing sustainable farming practices and land management.

Virginia persimmon trees are a valuable addition to Ontario's agricultural landscape, offering nutritious and flavorful fruits, durable timber, and benefits to wildlife and soil health. Their adaptability and economic potential make them an excellent choice for local growers.

Calendula officinalis, commonly known as pot marigold, is a versatile and beneficial plant valued for its medicinal, culinary, and ornamental qualities. Here’s why Calendula officinalis is an excellent addition to any garden:

Adaptability

1. Growing Conditions: Calendula thrives in USDA zones 3-10, making it suitable for Ontario's climate. It prefers well-drained soils and can tolerate a range of soil types, including sandy and loamy soils. Calendula grows well in full sun to partial shade, making it a flexible option for different garden settings.

Medicinal Uses

2. Traditional Medicine: Calendula has been used for centuries in traditional medicine. The flowers contain compounds with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. It's commonly used to treat skin conditions, minor wounds, and digestive issues.

3. Soothing Properties: Calendula flowers are often used to make herbal teas, salves, and creams that soothe skin irritations, rashes, and burns. They can also be infused in oils for use in skincare products.

Culinary Uses

4. Edible Flowers: The bright, golden-orange petals of calendula are edible and can be used to add color and flavor to salads, soups, stews, and rice dishes. They have a slightly peppery, tangy taste.

5. Natural Dye: Calendula petals can be used as a natural dye to color cheeses, butter, and other foods, adding both visual appeal and nutritional value.

Nutritional Information

• Calories: Low in calories
• Vitamins: Contains vitamins A and C
• Minerals: Rich in potassium, magnesium, and calcium
• Antioxidants: High in flavonoids and carotenoids, which have antioxidant properties

Benefits for the Garden

6. Attractive Appearance: Calendula plants have striking, bright flowers that add visual interest and beauty to gardens. They can be grown in borders, containers, or as companion plants.

7. Pollinator Friendly: The flowers attract bees, butterflies, and other pollinators, supporting local biodiversity and enhancing the health of your garden ecosystem.

8. Pest Control: Calendula can act as a companion plant to repel certain pests, such as aphids and nematodes, making it a useful addition to vegetable gardens.

9. Easy to Grow: Calendula is a hardy, low-maintenance plant that grows easily from seed. It can tolerate a range of growing conditions and is relatively resistant to pests and diseases.

Growing Tips

• Planting: Sow seeds directly in the garden in early spring after the last frost, or start indoors and transplant seedlings.
• Soil: Prefers well-drained soil with moderate fertility.
• Watering: Keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. Water regularly during dry periods.
• Sunlight: Prefers full sun but can tolerate partial shade.
• Harvesting: Harvest flowers regularly to encourage continuous blooming. Use the petals fresh or dried for culinary and medicinal purposes.

Conclusion

Calendula officinalis, or pot marigold, is a valuable addition to any garden due to its adaptability, medicinal and culinary uses, and benefits to the garden ecosystem. Its vibrant flowers and ease of cultivation make it an excellent choice for gardeners looking to enhance the beauty and functionality of their garden. Whether used for herbal remedies, culinary delights, or simply as a pollinator-friendly plant, calendula offers a range of benefits that make it a worthwhile addition to any horticultural endeavor.

Apios americana, commonly known as groundnut, American groundnut, or hopniss, is a versatile and beneficial plant native to North America. It is valued for its edible tubers and beans, as well as its ecological benefits. Here’s why Apios americana is an excellent choice for gardens and food forests in Ontario:

Adaptability

1. Growing Conditions: Groundnut thrives in USDA zones 3-9, making it well-suited to Ontario's climate. It prefers moist, well-drained soils and can grow in both full sun and partial shade. Groundnut is often found in wet areas such as riverbanks and marsh edges but adapts well to garden conditions.

2. Perennial Growth: As a perennial vine, Apios americana comes back year after year, reducing the need for replanting and offering a sustainable food source.

Edible Uses

3. Nutritious Tubers: The plant produces edible tubers that are high in protein, carbohydrates, and dietary fiber. These tubers have a nutty flavor and can be cooked similarly to potatoes. They are versatile and can be boiled, roasted, mashed, or fried.

4. Edible Beans: In addition to the tubers, the plant produces beans that can be eaten fresh or dried and used in soups, stews, and other dishes.

Nutritional Information

• Calories: Approximately 150 kcal per 100g (tubers)
• Protein: High in protein, around 15-17%
• Carbohydrates: Rich in complex carbohydrates
• Fiber: Excellent source of dietary fiber
• Vitamins and Minerals: Contains vitamins B and C, and minerals like calcium, iron, and potassium

Benefits for the Garden

5. Nitrogen Fixation: Groundnut is a legume, meaning it can fix nitrogen in the soil, improving soil fertility and benefiting neighboring plants. This makes it an excellent companion plant in permaculture and sustainable gardening systems.

6. Wildlife Habitat: The dense foliage and flowers provide habitat and food for pollinators, including bees and butterflies. The plant also attracts beneficial insects that can help control garden pests.

7. Erosion Control: Its extensive root system helps stabilize soil and prevent erosion, especially in wet areas and along stream banks.

Historical and Cultural Significance

8. Traditional Food: Groundnut has a long history of use by Indigenous peoples of North America as a staple food. It was a significant food source due to its nutritional value and availability throughout the year.

Growing Tips

• Planting: Plant tubers in early spring or fall. They should be spaced about 30-45 cm (12-18 inches) apart.
• Support: Provide a trellis or support structure for the vines to climb, as they can reach up to 3 meters (10 feet) in height.
• Watering: Ensure consistent moisture, especially during dry periods, to support healthy growth and tuber development.
• Harvesting: Tubers can be harvested in the fall after the foliage dies back. Beans can be harvested when mature in late summer to early fall.

Conclusion

Can see a first year Apios americana tuber in the image.

Apios americana, or groundnut, is a valuable addition to gardens and food forests in Ontario due to its adaptability, nutritional benefits, and ecological contributions. Its edible tubers and beans provide a sustainable and nutritious food source, while its nitrogen-fixing ability and wildlife support enhance garden health and biodiversity. Groundnut's historical significance and culinary versatility make it an excellent choice for those interested in sustainable and permaculture gardening practices.